تحلیل ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک کمبریج 13 - تست 2: بررسی سوالات، نکات کلیدی و استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی

مقدمه

بخش ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک یکی از مهارت‌های حیاتی در آزمون آیلتس است که نیازمند درک سریع و دقیق متون علمی، مدیریت زمان و تسلط بر انواع سوالات می‌باشد. در این مقاله، تحلیل تست ۲ ریدینگ از کتاب آیلتس کمبریج ۱۳ (Cambridge IELTS 13) را ارائه می‌دهیم. هدف ما بررسی ساختار متن‌ها، استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی و نکات کلیدی برای کمک به داوطلبان در کسب نمره بهتر در این بخش است. این تست شامل سه متن آکادمیک است که به ترتیب سطح دشواری آن‌ها افزایش می‌یابد. داوطلبان باید با انواع سوالات مانند True/False/Not Given، Matching Headings، Multiple Choice و Summary Completion آشنا باشند و استراتژی‌های مناسبی برای هر نوع سوال اتخاذ کنند. در این مقاله، به بررسی نکات کلیدی متن‌ها، تحلیل دقیق سوالات، شناسایی اشتباهات رایج و ارائه روش‌های بهینه برای بهبود سرعت و دقت در پاسخ‌دهی خواهیم پرداخت. با مطالعه این راهنما، می‌توانید نقاط ضعف خود را تقویت کرده و عملکرد بهتری در بخش ریدینگ آیلتس داشته باشید. 

برای دیدن بقیه‌ی تحلیل‌ها به لینک زیر بروید:

پالت ناوبری سوالات 🚀

QUESTIONS 1-9 (Passage 1: Cinnamon)

📝 Question 1:

Used to anoint people’s bodies when mixed with 1....

🔹 Correct Answer: Oils
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1 (Biblical times).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states cinnamon was "mixed with oils for anointing people’s bodies." This is a direct extraction of the noun following "mixed with."
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, as the phrase is explicit.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The use of prepositions like "mixed with" helps identify the required component.

📝 Question 2:

Also symbolized 2.... among friends and lovers

🔹 Correct Answer: Friendship
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1 (Biblical times).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Cinnamon served "as a token indicating friendship among lovers and friends." The question asks what was symbolized, which is friendship.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "token" instead of the abstract concept it represents.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the abstract noun (feeling or relationship) that the token indicates.

📝 Question 3:

Used in Ancient Rome during 3....

🔹 Correct Answer: Funerals
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1 (Ancient Rome).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text notes that mourners attending "funerals burnt cinnamon to create a pleasant scent." The event where it was used is funerals.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "scent" or "mourners" instead of the event.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The key phrase "mourners attending" indicates a type of gathering or ceremony.

📝 Question 4:

Used in the Middle Ages to demonstrate a host’s 4....

🔹 Correct Answer: Wealth
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1 (Middle Ages).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: A host would offer spices "as a sign of the wealth at his or her disposal." Wealth is the characteristic demonstrated.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "ability" or "condiment" instead of the social status implied.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The ability to purchase an "expensive condiment" is a common indicator of wealth.

📝 Question 5:

Thought to treat various illnesses, for example 5....

🔹 Correct Answer: Indigestion
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1 (Health benefits).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Cinnamon "was thought to cure various ailments, such as indigestion." The question asks for a specific illness/ailment.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "ailments" instead of the specific example.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the common phrase "such as" to find the specific example requested.

📝 Question 6:

Brought from 6.... by Arab merchants

🔹 Correct Answer: India
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2 (Trade route).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The merchants "took it from India, where it was grown." India is the source country.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "Ceylon," which is where the Portuguese later took control.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Be precise about the timeline and geography of the trade route.

📝 Question 7:

Transported overland by 7.... to the Mediterranean

🔹 Correct Answer: Camels
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2 (Trade route).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: They took it "on camels via an overland route to the Mediterranean." The mode of transport is camels.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "overland" or "route."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The question asks for the means of transport, which is the noun following the preposition "on."

📝 Question 8:

European traders bought it in 8....

🔹 Correct Answer: Alexandria
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2 (Trade route).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Arab merchants' journey ended in "Alexandria. European traders sailed there to purchase their supply." Alexandria is the purchase point.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing Alexandria (purchase) with Venice (distribution).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the location where the European traders "sailed... to purchase."

📝 Question 9:

Distributed across Europe from the city of 9....

🔹 Correct Answer: Venice
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2 (Trade route).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: European traders brought it back to "Venice. The spice then travelled from that great trading city to markets all around Europe." Venice is the European distribution hub.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing Venice (distribution) with Alexandria (purchase).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the phrase "travelled from that great trading city to markets all around Europe."

QUESTIONS 10-13 (Passage 1: Cinnamon)

📝 Question 10:

The Portuguese had control over the cinnamon trade in Ceylon throughout the 16th century.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The Portuguese arrived in the late 15th century and built a fort in 1518, which enabled them to develop a "monopoly in the cinnamon trade." Since the 16th century is 1501-1600, they controlled the trade for most of that century.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the evidence of the monopoly covers the required period.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Understand that a control established early in a century usually lasts "throughout" that period, unless contradicted.

📝 Question 11:

The Dutch took over the cinnamon trade from the Portuguese as soon as they arrived in Ceylon.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The Dutch arrived at the "very beginning of the 17th century," but they did not "permanently expel the Portuguese from the island" until 1658. This delay contradicts the phrase "as soon as they arrived."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Missing the timeline difference (arrival at start of century vs. expulsion in 1658).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Time markers like "as soon as" or "immediately" must be strictly verified against the timeline in the text.

📝 Question 12:

The trees planted by the Dutch produced larger quantities of cinnamon than the wild trees.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage mentions the Dutch planting trees due to the depletion of wild stock, but it never compares the *quantity* (yield) of cinnamon produced by the planted trees versus the wild trees.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming that planting meant a larger yield.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The comparative element (larger quantities) is entirely missing from the text.

📝 Question 13:

The spice trade maintained its economic importance during the 19th century.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Final paragraph.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states that by the mid-19th century, the spice trade "was diminishing in economic potential" and was superseded by other commodities. This contradicts the claim that it "maintained" its importance.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the verb "diminishing" is a direct refutation of "maintained."
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for evidence of a change in status (diminishing, superseded) when the statement claims maintenance.

QUESTIONS 14-17 (Passage 2: Oxytocin)

📝 Question 14:

Reference to research showing the beneficial effects of oxytocin on people

🔹 Correct Answer: B
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: This paragraph details the 2005 Heinrichs study (increased investment/trust) and mentions follow-up studies showing people become "more charitable, better at reading emotions... and communicating constructively." These are all beneficial effects.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the entire paragraph focuses on positive findings.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for a string of positive adjectives (charitable, better, constructive) to find beneficial effects.

📝 Question 15:

Reasons why the effects of oxytocin are complex

🔹 Correct Answer: F
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph F.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph F discusses its "ancient molecule" and "simple" nature co-opted for "many different functions," and that these basic processes "could manifest in different ways depending on individual differences and context." These factors explain the complexity.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the paragraph explicitly discusses the multi-functional and context-dependent nature of its effects.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for discussion of ancient evolutionary history or context/individual differences as signs of complexity.

📝 Question 16:

Mention of a period in which oxytocin attracted little scientific attention

🔹 Correct Answer: B
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Heinrichs recalls that "For eight years, it was quite a lonesome field." This phrase directly refers to a period of little scientific attention before the later surge in interest.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the quote is quite explicit.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "lonesome field" with a time indicator ("eight years") indicates a lack of attention/research activity.

📝 Question 17:

Reference to people ignoring certain aspects of their research data

🔹 Correct Answer: E
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph E.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph E states that in almost half of the existing research, oxytocin affected only certain individuals or circumstances. The text notes: "Where once researchers took no notice of such findings, now a more nuanced understanding..." The phrase "took no notice of" is a synonym for ignoring those aspects of the data.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the language is a clear reference to prior research practice.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for discussion about how research was done historically (took no notice) versus how it is done now.

QUESTIONS 18-20 (Passage 2: Oxytocin)

📝 Question 18:

People are more trusting when affected by oxytocin.

🔹 Correct Answer: A
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Heinrichs' experiment found that participants who received oxytocin "invested more money" with an anonymous person who was "not guaranteed to be honest." Investing more under these circumstances indicates higher trust.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the action described clearly demonstrates trust.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Financial risk-taking with a stranger is a measurable proxy for trust.

📝 Question 19:

Oxytocin increases people’s feelings of jealousy.

🔹 Correct Answer: B
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Shamay-Tsoory's study found that volunteers felt "more envy when others won." Envy is a direct synonym for jealousy.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing envy with other emotions mentioned (pleasure from beating others).
⭐ Key Learning Point: The core emotion of "envy" is the definitive link to the question's focus on jealousy.

📝 Question 20:

The effect of oxytocin varies from one type of person to another.

🔹 Correct Answer: C
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Bartz found oxytocin improves emotion reading "only if they are not very socially adept to begin with" and "reduces cooperation in subjects who are particularly anxious." This is strong evidence that the effect varies by type of person (disposition).
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the study provides a clear dichotomy based on personality.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for conditional clauses ("only if," "in subjects who are") that link the effect to the individual's existing state.

QUESTIONS 21-26 (Passage 2: Oxytocin)

📝 Question 21:

The earliest findings about oxytocin and bonding came from research involving 21....

🔹 Correct Answer: Animals
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph A.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states: "It was through various studies focusing on animals that scientists first became aware of the influence of oxytocin." Examples given are voles and sheep.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "voles" or "sheep," which are specific examples. The question asks for the general category.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The use of the word "various studies focusing on animals" indicates the category.

📝 Question 22:

It was also discovered that humans produce oxytocin during 22....

🔹 Correct Answer: Childbirth
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph A.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Oxytocin "is also released by women in childbirth, strengthening the attachment between mother and baby." Childbirth is the event.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the phrase is direct.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the event during which the hormone is released in humans.

📝 Question 23:

An experiment in 2005, in which participants were given either oxytocin or a 23....., reinforced the belief that the hormone had a positive effect.

🔹 Correct Answer: Placebo
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The experiment compared those who sniffed oxytocin with those who received a "placebo" instead. The placebo is the control substance.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the word is used as the direct comparator.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Experiments often compare a test substance (oxytocin) with a control substance (placebo).

📝 Question 24:

A study at the University of Haifa where participants took part in a 24..... revealed the negative emotions which oxytocin can trigger.

🔹 Correct Answer: Game
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Shamay-Tsoory's study involved volunteers playing a "competitive game." The question asks for the activity.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "competitive" which is an adjective, or "volunteers."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The word "game" is the noun that describes the controlled activity in the study.

📝 Question 25:

A study at the University of Antwerp showed people’s lack of willingness to help 25..... while under the influence of oxytocin.

🔹 Correct Answer: Strangers
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph D.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: DeClerck's study showed people became "less cooperative when dealing with complete strangers." Strangers are the group that people were unwilling to help.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "cooperative" or "people."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The term "complete strangers" is the subject of the reduced cooperation.

📝 Question 26:

Meanwhile, research at the University of Amsterdam revealed that people who have been given oxytocin consider 26..... that are familiar to them in their own country to have more positive associations than those from other cultures.

🔹 Correct Answer: Names
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph D.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: De Dreu's study found that Dutch men associated positive words more quickly with Dutch "names than with foreign ones." Names are the familiar and foreign items being compared.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "Dutch" or "words."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The comparison is between native names and foreign names, making "names" the required noun.

QUESTIONS 27-31 (Passage 3: Business Trends)

📝 Question 27:

In the first paragraph, the writer says that most managers

🔹 Correct Answer: D fail to see how trends influence consumers’ behavior.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states managers "often fail to recognize the less obvious but profound ways these trends are influencing consumers’ aspirations, attitudes, and behaviors." This is a direct match to option D.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option A (ignore major trends) is contradicted; managers *can* identify major trends.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on the specific failure mentioned: recognizing the subtle but profound *influence*.

📝 Question 28:

According to the third paragraph, Coach was anxious to

🔹 Correct Answer: C protect its image as a manufacturer of luxury goods.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Coach feared that lowering prices would "risk cheapening the brand’s image" as a symbol of "opulence and luxury." Their anxiety was about protecting this luxury image.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option B (avoid competition) is implied, but C is the explicit reason for avoiding the price cut.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The term "cheapening the brand’s image" is a direct synonym for risking the luxury reputation.

📝 Question 29:

What point is made about Tesco’s Greener Living programme?

🔹 Correct Answer: A It was designed to enhance its existing business.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Tesco "has not abandoned its traditional retail offering but augmented its business with these innovations, thereby infusing its value proposition with a green streak." "Augmented its business" means enhancing the existing model.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option B (attracted new customers) is a possible *result*, but A is the stated *design* and *strategy*.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "augmented its business" is key to understanding the strategy of enhancement.

📝 Question 30:

What does the writer suggest about Nike’s strategy?

🔹 Correct Answer: D Its likely benefits were not obvious at first.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The writer begins by noting that integrating the digital trend "at first glance... sounds like it’s hardly worthwhile." This means the benefits were not immediately apparent or obvious.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option C (costly) is implied by "spending resources," but D is the explicit writer's commentary on the perception of the strategy.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for introductory clauses like "at first glance" that frame the initial perception of a strategy.

📝 Question 31:

What was original about the ME2?

🔹 Correct Answer: D It required the user to be physically active.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The ME2 incorporated the "traditional physical component of children’s play" and contained a pedometer that "tracked and awarded points for physical activity." This physical activity requirement was its unique feature.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option B (addressing health fears) is a *purpose*, but D is the *mechanism* that was original.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The question asks for what "set it apart", which is the physical activity component.

QUESTIONS 32-37 (Passage 3: Business Trends)

📝 Question 32:

It turned the notion that its products could have harmful effects to its own advantage.

🔹 Correct Answer: D (iToys)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The ME2 game "catered to kids’ huge desire to play video games while countering the negatives, such as associations with lack of exercise and obesity." They integrated activity, transforming the product’s perceived negative into a positive feature.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the strategy clearly addresses and overcomes a negative association.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The keyword "countering the negatives" indicates the required strategy.

📝 Question 33:

It extended its offering by collaborating with another manufacturer.

🔹 Correct Answer: C (Nike)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Nike "teamed up with technology company Apple" to launch Nike+. Teaming up/collaborating with another manufacturer (Apple) extended Nike’s offering.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the collaboration is explicit.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "teamed up with" is a direct synonym for collaborating.

📝 Question 34:

It implemented an incentive scheme to demonstrate its corporate social responsibility.

🔹 Correct Answer: B (Tesco)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Tesco customers "can accumulate points" (an incentive scheme) for eco-friendly actions (corporate social responsibility), which can be redeemed for cash.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the link between points/incentive and green actions/responsibility is clear.
⭐ Key Learning Point: "Accumulate points" is a key phrase for an incentive scheme.

📝 Question 35:

It discovered that customers had a positive attitude towards dealing with difficult circumstances.

🔹 Correct Answer: A (Coach)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Coach's research revealed that customers were "eager to lift themselves and the country out of tough times." This is a positive, proactive attitude toward difficult circumstances (the recession).
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the text explicitly refers to a new consumer mindset.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "eager to lift themselves... out of tough times" is the definitive evidence.

📝 Question 36:

It responded to a growing lifestyle trend in an unrelated product sector.

🔹 Correct Answer: C (Nike)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Nike (athletic wear) integrated the "digital revolution" (a lifestyle trend unrelated to its original core) into its footwear with the Nike+ kit.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the strategy is explicitly one of crossing over trends/sectors.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The focus on "integrating the digital revolution" is the key sign of cross-sector response.

📝 Question 37:

It successfully avoided having to charge its customers less for its core products.

🔹 Correct Answer: A (Coach)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Coach launched the lower-priced Poppy sub-brand, which allowed the company to "avert an across-the-board price cut" on its core luxury products.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the goal of averting the price cut is clearly stated.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "avert an across-the-board price cut" is a direct restatement of the prompt.

QUESTIONS 38-40 (Passage 3: Business Trends)

📝 Question 38:

If there are any trend-related changes impacting on your category, you should...

🔹 Correct Answer: B determine which innovation strategy is most appropriate.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph states, "Once you have gained perspective... you can determine which of our three innovation strategies to pursue." This determination is the logical first step.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option A (implement an incentive scheme) is one of the three strategies, not the general first step.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrasing "you can determine which... to pursue" makes this the meta-step/first action.

📝 Question 39:

If a current trend highlights a negative aspect of your category, you should...

🔹 Correct Answer: C find ways to show your core values remain strong.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7 (The third strategy).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: When aspects clash with undesired outcomes (negatives), the strategy is to "counteract those changes by reaffirming the core values of your category." Reaffirming core values means showing they remain strong.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option D (partner with a technology company) is Nike's strategy, which applies to a different scenario.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "reaffirming the core values" is the key instruction for countering negatives.

📝 Question 40:

If the consumers’ new focus has an increasing lack of connection with your offering you should...

🔹 Correct Answer: D introduce innovations that create a new market space.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7 (The second strategy).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: When there is an "increasing disparity" (lack of connection), innovations need to "transcend the category to integrate the two worlds," which creates a "new market space."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option B (extend your current value proposition) describes the first strategy (Tesco), which is for a closer connection.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The need to "transcend the category" is the instruction for creating a new market space when a gap exists.