تحلیل ریدینگ آیلتس جنرال کمبریج 14 - تست 4: بررسی سوالات، نکات کلیدی و استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی

مقدمه: بخش ریدینگ آیلتس جنرال، توانایی شما در درک متون کاربردی و روزمره را می‌سنجد. برای موفقیت در این بخش، باید با انواع مختلف متن و سوالات آشنا باشید و بتوانید اطلاعات مورد نیاز را به سرعت پیدا کنید. در این راهنما، تحلیل تست ۴ ریدینگ جنرال از کتاب آیلتس کمبریج ۱۴ (Cambridge IELTS 14) را به صورت جامع انجام می‌دهیم. هدف ما آموزش استراتژی‌های موثر برای مدیریت زمان و پاسخ‌دهی دقیق به سوالات متنوع این بخش، از جمله سوالات مربوط به تبلیغات، اطلاعیه‌ها و متون بلندتر است. با مطالعه این تحلیل، با ساختار آزمون بیشتر آشنا شده و با اعتماد به نفس بالاتری تمرین خواهید کرد. 

پالت ناوبری سوالات (Question Navigation)

SECTION 1: Travel Wallets & Rail Compensation

Travel Wallets (Questions 1-8)

📝 Question 1: This wallet will suit people who prefer natural materials.

🔹 Correct Answer: D
📍 Location in Passage: Ted Baker Voyager’s Travel Wallet (D). "This wallet comes in smooth black leather..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Leather is a natural material (animal hide) and thus, this wallet suits those who prefer it.
⚠️ Potential Traps: A is made of nylon, C has a special coating, and G is made of PVC plastic (all synthetic). D is the only one explicitly made of a natural material.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Match material types: leather = natural material.

📝 Question 2: Users of this wallet do not need to worry about taking it out in the rain.

🔹 Correct Answer: B
📍 Location in Passage: Lifeventure Mini Travel Document Wallet (B). "This is a waterproof wallet..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: A waterproof wallet means the user does not need to worry about the effects of rain.
⚠️ Potential Traps: C mentions a coating that makes it easy to wipe off sand, but not that it is fully waterproof.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for words that signify protection from water (e.g., "waterproof," "water-resistant").

📝 Question 3: Parts of the inside of this wallet have categories printed on them in one colour.

🔹 Correct Answer: C
📍 Location in Passage: Cath Kidston Breton Stripe (C). "The inside compartment labels identifying each separate section all have silver lettering on them."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: "Silver lettering" is one specific colour, which matches the question's requirement that the categories be printed in one colour.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Review E states the pockets are in "various colours," which could be confused with the labels.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Distinguish between the colour of the physical parts (pockets/wallet) and the colour of the text (lettering/labels).

📝 Question 4: This wallet would suit someone who needs to keep several passports together.

🔹 Correct Answer: F
📍 Location in Passage: Gotravel Organiser (F). "It can fit at least four passports."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The ability to fit "at least four passports" clearly suits someone needing to keep several passports together.
⚠️ Potential Traps: B can fit "two passports." F is the stronger match for "several."
⭐ Key Learning Point: Compare quantities. "At least four" is a better fit for "several" than "two."

📝 Question 5: Something is provided for writing.

🔹 Correct Answer: D
📍 Location in Passage: Ted Baker Voyager’s Travel Wallet (D). "A small navy-blue pen is supplied inside."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The phrase "a small... pen is supplied inside" means that something for writing is provided with the wallet.
⚠️ Potential Traps: A has a space for a pen, but D actually supplies the pen.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Check the difference between having a space for something and having the item supplied.

📝 Question 6: This will suit people who want to be able to find their document wallet easily in their luggage.

🔹 Correct Answer: G
📍 Location in Passage: Gotravel Glo Travel Wallet (G). "It is made of PVC plastic and will suit those who like a wallet that is easy to spot. It comes in a range of bright colours..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Being "easy to spot" and coming in a range of "bright colours" directly indicates it can be found easily in luggage.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. This is the only wallet whose description relates to visibility/spotting.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for words that describe visibility or conspicuousness.

📝 Question 7: Something to keep this wallet in is provided.

🔹 Correct Answer: E
📍 Location in Passage: Radley Abbey Travel Wallet (E). "It comes in a handy drawstring bag."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The "drawstring bag" is an item provided to keep the wallet in.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. This is the only wallet that mentions an external container.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Identify the mention of packaging or accessory storage provided with the product.

📝 Question 8: This wallet has been specially made to prevent people detecting the numbers on any bank cards, etc. inside it.

🔹 Correct Answer: B
📍 Location in Passage: Lifeventure Mini Travel Document Wallet (B). "...which uses anti-RFID (radio frequency identification) material so your financial details will be safe."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The use of "anti-RFID" material is a specific feature designed to prevent the detection of financial details/numbers on cards, which matches the statement.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. This is a unique security feature.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Scan for technical terms (e.g., RFID) or security-related vocabulary.

UK Rail Services (Questions 9-14)

📝 Question 9: The system for claiming compensation varies from one company to another.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1. "...train companies all have different rules, so it can be confusing to work out what you’re entitled to."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states that train companies have "different rules," which confirms that the system for claiming compensation "varies from one company to another."
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. This is a direct paraphrase of the opening idea.
⭐ Key Learning Point: TRUE statements are often established at the beginning of a passage to set the context.

📝 Question 10: Under Delay Repay, a train company will only provide compensation if it caused the delay.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2. "...and the train company will pay out even if it was not responsible for the delay."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The question states the company will only pay if it caused the delay. The text states they pay even if it was not responsible, which directly contradicts the statement.
⚠️ Potential Traps: A student might confuse the Delay Repay scheme with the older, less generous scheme (mentioned in paragraph 3), which does require company responsibility.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay strict attention to exclusive words like "only" in the question and compare them to the text's qualifying phrases like "even if not responsible."

📝 Question 11: Under Delay Repay, underground and other train companies give exactly the same amounts of money in compensation.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2. "The scheme varies between companies, but up to 2016 most paid 50 percent... for 30 minutes’ delay... On the London Underground, you get a full refund for 15-minute delays."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text shows different compensation structures: 50% for 30 min (most companies) vs. full refund for 15 min (Underground). These are clearly not exactly the same amounts.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The text provides two distinct, contrasting examples of compensation amounts/rules.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Specific comparative details (e.g., compensation percentages and delay times) must match.

📝 Question 12: An increasing number of train companies are willing to pay compensation for problems they are not responsible for.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2 mentions the Delay Repay scheme pays out even when the company is not responsible. Paragraph 3 mentions that companies using the older scheme may pay out.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text confirms that some companies (Delay Repay) pay regardless of responsibility, and some older-scheme companies might pay. However, the text never states whether the number of companies willing to do this is increasing.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Seeing the benefits of the Delay Repay scheme and assuming that its uptake is increasing. The trend (increasing number) is not mentioned.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Do not infer a trend (increasing/decreasing) or a quantity (most/majority) if the text only states the current status (some/varies).

📝 Question 13: It is doubtful whether companies using the older scheme will provide compensation if a delay is caused by a strike.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3. "Companies that do not use Delay Repay and still use the older scheme will not usually pay compensation if the problem is considered to be out of their control. ...You are unlikely to get compensation for a delay if any of the following occur: ...Strike action"
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states compensation is unlikely ("will not usually pay," "unlikely to get compensation") if caused by strike action (which is an event "out of their control"). "Unlikely" or "not usually" confirms the statement that it is doubtful.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. This is a direct confirmation based on the list of exclusions.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognize the link between qualifying words: "unlikely/not usually" $\approx$ "doubtful."

📝 Question 14: Passengers may receive compensation in the form of a train voucher if they forget to request cash.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4. "Some train companies are still paying using rail vouchers, which they are allowed to do if you do not ask for a cash refund."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Not asking for a cash refund is the same as forgetting to request cash. In this case, the company can pay with rail vouchers. This statement agrees with the information.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. This is a clear, conditional statement.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Conditional statements in the text ("if X, then Y") are often tested in True/False/Not Given questions.

SECTION 2: Job Vacancy & Business Partnership

Food Preparation Assistant Vacancy (Questions 15-19)

📝 Question 15: Location of restaurant: in a stadium

🔹 Correct Answer: stadium
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1. "...in our restaurant at Locksley Stadium, serving football fans and concert-goers..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text specifies the restaurant's location as Locksley Stadium.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using 'restaurant' or 'airport/train station' (other locations the company uses). The specific location for the vacancy is the Stadium.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Identify the specific location relevant to the current vacancy.

📝 Question 16: must enjoy working in a team

🔹 Correct Answer: team
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1. "...working as an effective and supportive member of a team is essential, so you need to be happy in this type of work."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states the importance of being a member of a "team" and enjoying this kind of work.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using 'member' or 'work'. The structure requires the unit being worked in: a team.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on the noun describing the required social environment.

📝 Question 17: maintaining high standards of hygiene and quality

🔹 Correct Answer: hygiene
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2. "...such as treating hygiene as your number one priority, cleaning work areas, and doing whatever is required to provide food of excellent quality."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text lists "hygiene as your number one priority" alongside high quality food preparation.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using 'priority' or 'quality' (already implied by the next point).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Match the context of 'cleaning' and 'food quality' to the word hygiene.

📝 Question 18: learning the procedure for the storage of food

🔹 Correct Answer: storage
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2. "He or she will be required to familiarise themselves with the storage system, so as to put food product supplies in the proper place..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text mentions the need to familiarise oneself with the "storage system" for food supplies.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using 'system' or 'supplies'. The procedure is for the storage of food.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for words that describe the system or function related to food management.

📝 Question 19: working hours are not guaranteed

🔹 Correct Answer: guaranteed
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3. "You can expect to work an average of around 18 hours a week, although this cannot be guaranteed."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states the average hours "cannot be guaranteed," which confirms the condition that working hours are not guaranteed.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using 'average' or 'hours'. The question requires the word that describes the certainty (or lack thereof).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Identify the key verb or adjective that determines the certainty of the working conditions.

Setting up a Business Partnership (Questions 20-27)

📝 Question 20: A partnership is different from a limited company in not having its own status as a legal body.

🔹 Correct Answer: status
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1. "Unlike a limited company, a partnership doesn’t have a separate legal status."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: This is a direct gap-fill. A partnership does not have a separate legal status.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using 'company' or 'body'.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Direct vocabulary match for a defining characteristic.

📝 Question 21: The partners are personally responsible for paying all the partnership's debts.

🔹 Correct Answer: debts
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2. "...if your business cannot afford to pay its debts, you must pay them yourselves."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text explains that partners must pay the business's debts if the business cannot afford them.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using 'responsibility'. The question asks for what the partners must pay: debts.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Match the financial liability (debts) to the required noun.

📝 Question 22: The partnership's profits are divided between the partners.

🔹 Correct Answer: profits
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2. "Partners share the business’s profits, and each partner pays tax on their share."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states that partners share the business's profits.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using 'tax' or 'share'. The item being divided is profits.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on the noun describing the financial gain.

📝 Question 23: Registering the partnership's name prevents others from using that name when trading.

🔹 Correct Answer: trading
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3. "...you should register your name as a trademark if you want to stop people from trading under your business name."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Registering the name as a trademark stops others from "trading" under that name.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using 'name' or 'trademark'. The activity being stopped is trading.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Identify the specific business activity being restricted.

📝 Question 24: The best way to find out if a name is already in use is to use the internet.

🔹 Correct Answer: internet
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4. "...it is advisable to search on the internet for the name you are considering."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text advises searching on the internet to check if a name is already in use.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using 'search' or 'database'. The tool for searching is the internet.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The correct word is the one that identifies the means used to achieve the goal.

📝 Question 25: The names of the partners and the partnership must appear on invoices and other documents.

🔹 Correct Answer: invoices
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5. "You must include all the partners’ names and the business name (if you have one) on official paperwork, for example invoices."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text names invoices as an example of official paperwork where the names must appear.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using 'paperwork' or 'documents' (these are general categories). The specific example needed is invoices.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Use the specific example provided in the text to fill a gap preceded by "for example."

📝 Question 26: You must have a nominated partner, or someone to act as your agent, for all contact with HMRC.

🔹 Correct Answer: agent
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6. "Alternatively, you can appoint an agent to deal with HMRC on your behalf."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The alternative to a nominated partner is appointing an "agent."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using 'partner' or 'HMRC'. The word required is the alternative role: agent.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for alternative roles signaled by words like "Alternatively."

📝 Question 27: You will have to pay a penalty if you miss the deadline for registering the partnership.

🔹 Correct Answer: penalty
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7. "...or you could be charged a penalty."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Missing the deadline means you could be charged a "penalty."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using 'charged' or 'deadline'. The payment is a penalty.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Identify the consequence of failing to meet a requirement.

SECTION 3: The Role of the Swiss Postbus

The Role of the Swiss Postbus (Questions 28-32 - Multiple Choice)

📝 Question 28: When comparing the Swiss transportation system to a tree, the writer emphasizes

🔹 Correct Answer: C. how important the postbus system is.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1. "...But the trunk that holds the tree together is the vast postbus network, without which the whole network would not function."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: By describing the postbus as the "trunk that holds the tree together" and stating that the network "would not function" without it, the writer emphasizes its foundational importance.
⚠️ Potential Traps: A (size) is mentioned, but C (importance/role) is the main point of the analogy (trunk holding it together).
⭐ Key Learning Point: In analogies (e.g., comparing a system to a tree), the meaning often lies in the function of the chosen image (trunk = fundamental support).

📝 Question 29: What is said about bus services in the second paragraph?

🔹 Correct Answer: D. The number of buses that call at a village depends on how many people live there.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2. "The frequency of these services is directly related to population density."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: "Frequency" relates to the number of buses (per day/week), and "population density" relates to how many people live there. This is a direct paraphrase.
⚠️ Potential Traps: A and C are incorrect; timetables seldom change and the referendum is only for new routes.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognize the paraphrase: "frequency" $\approx$ "number of buses" and "population density" $\approx$ "how many people live there."

📝 Question 30: According to the fourth paragraph, what were three-tone horns first used to indicate?

🔹 Correct Answer: A. how many coach horses required food
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4. "This musical ‘language’ started in the mid-nineteenth century, when the coach drivers could also blow their horns a certain number of times on approaching the station to indicate the number of horses needing to be fed..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states the horn's "musical language" started when drivers used them to indicate "the number of horses needing to be fed" (required food) to the stationmaster.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The other uses mentioned (departure of post, arrival of post) are listed as current uses of the tone combinations, not the first historical use.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Distinguish between the historical/initial purpose and the modern purpose of a technology or practice.

📝 Question 31: What point does the writer make about the postbus drivers?

🔹 Correct Answer: A. Many choose to give passengers information about the surroundings.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 8. "Most of the drivers therefore see themselves as educators and tour guides. Although it’s not in their job description, they’re likely to point out the sights..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text says it's not in their job description but that "Most of the drivers" will point out sights, meaning they choose to give information.
⚠️ Potential Traps: C is wrong because the text states it's not required ("not in their job description"). D is wrong because they are "always ready to pull over for a photo opportunity."
⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on the distinction between a requirement (job description) and a voluntary choice/preference ("see themselves as," "likely to point out").

📝 Question 32: What is said about the buses’ automated announcements?

🔹 Correct Answer: B. The language they are given in depends on where the bus is at the time.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 9. "...by law, their automated intercom announcements are given in the language of whichever canton the bus is currently passing through."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The language depends on "whichever canton the bus is currently passing through," meaning it is determined by the bus's current location/where the bus is at the time.
⚠️ Potential Traps: C is wrong; they speak all four languages, but the announcement is in the language of the current canton, not all four simultaneously.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Identify the variable that determines the language (the current location/canton).

The Role of the Swiss Postbus (Questions 33-40 - True/False/Not Given)

📝 Question 33: Some postbuses after the First World War were originally army vehicles.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6. "After the First World War, Swiss Post bought a fleet of decommissioned military trucks which were converted into postbuses..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: "Decommissioned military trucks" are vehicles that were originally army vehicles, and "converted into postbuses" confirms they were used as postbuses after the war. The statement is TRUE.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. This is a direct factual confirmation.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Match synonyms: "army vehicles" $\approx$ "military trucks."

📝 Question 34: The number of driverless buses has increased steadily since 2015.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7. "...including... the world’s first driverless bus. This was launched in 2015 in the town of Sion..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states that the first driverless bus was launched in 2015. It does not provide any information about the number of driverless buses subsequently increasing, or increasing steadily.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Seeing the launch of the "first" and assuming that development or deployment has continued. This is an assumption.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Do not assume a rate of change (e.g., "increased steadily") if the text only mentions the initial event.

📝 Question 35: On the longest postbus route in Switzerland, passengers have to change buses.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 9. "Switzerland’s longest postbus journey... crosses four mountain passes – an eight-hour trip undertaken by a single postbus."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text explicitly states the entire trip is undertaken by "a single postbus," meaning passengers do not have to change buses. This contradicts the statement.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. This is a direct contradiction.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on the noun and its qualifier: "a single postbus" vs. "passengers have to change buses."

📝 Question 36: The weather on the longest postbus route is likely to include extreme weather conditions.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 9. "The route goes through several cantons;... all four seasons – from burning sunshine to showers and heavy snowfalls..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Traveling through "all four seasons" and encountering conditions like "heavy snowfalls" are examples of extreme weather conditions. This agrees with the information.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The list of weather conditions confirms the statement.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Understand that descriptive weather phrases (e.g., "heavy snowfalls") confirm the general idea of "extreme weather."

📝 Question 37: There is a widely used nickname for part of the longest route used by postbuses.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 9. "One of the passes, the Gotthard, is often described as ‘the People’s Road’..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Being "often described as" indicates a widely used nickname (an informal name like 'The People's Road') for the Gotthard Pass, which is a part of the longest route. This statement is TRUE.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. This is a clear confirmation of a common name/description.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Words like "described as" or "known as" often introduce common names or nicknames.

📝 Question 38: Bus drivers' training can be shortened if they have driven buses before joining PostBus.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 10. "Irrespective of their previous driving experience, drivers undergo lots of training. During the first year, they have to drive... under supervision. Only after two years of safe driving in the valleys can they be pronounced ready..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states drivers must undergo training "Irrespective of their previous driving experience," which means prior experience does not shorten the training. This contradicts the statement.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The word "Irrespective" is the key contradiction.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Identify absolute terms that eliminate conditional exceptions (e.g., "Irrespective of" = no exceptions).

📝 Question 39: In some villages most passengers are school children.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 11. "...it takes village children to and from school, delivers mail, transports milk... and brings building materials..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text lists carrying children to and from school as one of the postbus's vital functions. However, it does not provide any comparison or statistics to confirm that "most passengers" are children in these villages.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Seeing the list of services and assuming the school service is the largest.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Do not make assumptions about proportions or majorities when the text only provides a list of functions.

📝 Question 40: Buses carry only rubbish that can be recycled.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 11. "...collects rubbish from the village (Swiss laws do not allow dumping anywhere in the mountains)..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text confirms the buses collect "rubbish." It does not specify whether this rubbish is all recyclable, or if it includes non-recyclable waste.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming, due to the mention of "Swiss laws" and "dumping," that the collected waste must be solely for recycling. The specific type of rubbish is not mentioned.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The text must explicitly mention the limiting condition ("only recycled rubbish") for the statement to be TRUE or FALSE; otherwise, it is NOT GIVEN.