تحلیل ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک کمبریج 16 - تست 2: بررسی سوالات، نکات کلیدی و استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی

مقدمه:

بخش ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک یکی از مهارت‌های حیاتی در آزمون آیلتس است که نیازمند درک سریع و دقیق متون علمی، مدیریت زمان و تسلط بر انواع سوالات می‌باشد. در این مقاله، تحلیل تست ۲ ریدینگ از کتاب آیلتس کمبریج ۱۶ (Cambridge IELTS 16) را ارائه می‌دهیم. هدف ما بررسی ساختار متن‌ها، استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی و نکات کلیدی برای کمک به داوطلبان در کسب نمره بهتر در این بخش است. این تست شامل سه متن آکادمیک است که به ترتیب سطح دشواری آن‌ها افزایش می‌یابد. داوطلبان باید با انواع سوالات مانند True/False/Not Given، Matching Headings، Multiple Choice و Summary Completion آشنا باشند و استراتژی‌های مناسبی برای هر نوع سوال اتخاذ کنند. در این مقاله، به بررسی نکات کلیدی متن‌ها، تحلیل دقیق سوالات، شناسایی اشتباهات رایج و ارائه روش‌های بهینه برای بهبود سرعت و دقت در پاسخ‌دهی خواهیم پرداخت. با مطالعه این راهنما، می‌توانید نقاط ضعف خود را تقویت کرده و عملکرد بهتری در بخش ریدینگ آیلتس داشته باشید. 

برای دیدن بقیه‌ی تحلیل‌ها به لینک زیر بروید:

پالت ناوبری سوالات

QUESTIONS 1-8 (Passage 1: Hill Figures)

📝 Question 1:

Most of the figures cut into the hillsides of England are found in the southern counties.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1 (First sentence).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states there are 56 figures, "with the vast majority on the chalk downlands of the country’s southern counties." "Vast majority" is synonymous with "most."
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. This is a direct factual statement about location.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "vast majority" is the definitive clue for TRUE.

📝 Question 2:

The total number of geoglyphs depicting a horse is greater than all other creatures combined.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Not stated in the text.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage mentions there are 14 horses and other figures like giants and crosses, but it never compares the total number of horses to the total number of *all other creatures* (only some are mentioned).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming the prominence of horses means they outnumber all others.
⭐ Key Learning Point: A quantitative comparison involving a total (all other creatures combined) must be explicitly supported by the text.

📝 Question 3:

Recent analysis of the Uffington White Horse suggests that prior assumptions about its age were inaccurate.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1 (Last sentence).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states the horse "has recently been re-dated and shown to be even older than its previously assigned ancient pre-Roman Iron Age date." Being re-dated to an older age means the previous assumption was inaccurate.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The phrase "even older than its previously assigned date" is clear evidence.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The term "re-dated" suggests a correction of earlier age estimates (assumptions).

📝 Question 4:

Historians agree about the time when the Long Man of Wilmington was created.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2 (First sentence).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The date is described as "more controversial." The text lists differing opinions: "While many historians are convinced the figure is prehistoric, others believe that it was the work of an artistic monk... between the 11th and 15th centuries." Different beliefs mean they do not agree.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing only on one group's belief ("many historians") and missing the counterpoint ("others believe").
⭐ Key Learning Point: Words like "controversial" and listing different theories signal FALSE against a claim of agreement.

📝 Question 5:

The figures were created by covering the grass with a layer of white chalk.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3 (First sentence).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The method was "simply to remove the overlying grass to reveal the gleaming white chalk below." This is the opposite of covering the grass *with* chalk.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the process of "removing" the top layer to reveal the chalk with "covering" the top layer with chalk.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay attention to the verb of the action ("remove" vs. "cover").

📝 Question 6:

Many geoglyphs are no longer visible because people failed to maintain them.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3 (Second sentence).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text says "the vast majority of hill figures have disappeared is that when the traditions associated with the figures faded, people no longer bothered or remembered to clear away the grass to expose the chalk outline." Failure to clear the grass is failure to maintain.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The reason is directly stated.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The core problem was lack of maintenance (clearing away the grass).

📝 Question 7:

The original shape of some geoglyphs was altered over time by changes in the cutting process.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3 (Third sentence).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The outlines would sometimes change "due to people not always cutting in exactly the same place, thus creating a different shape to the original geoglyph." "Not always cutting in exactly the same place" is a change in the cutting process that alters the shape.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. This is a clear cause-and-effect relationship.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrases "not always cutting in exactly the same place" and "different shape to the original" confirm TRUE.

📝 Question 8:

The Uffington White Horse is famous mainly because of its enormous size.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Not stated in the text.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage mentions the horse's fame is due to its age and that it is best viewed from the air, but it never states that its size is the *main reason* for its fame.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming "best viewed from the air" implies the main reason is size.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Claims that assert a single main reason must be explicitly stated to be true.

QUESTIONS 9-13 (Passage 1: Hill Figures)

📝 Question 9:

Below an ancient track called the 9....

🔹 Correct Answer: Ridgeway
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The horse is located "below the Ridgeway, a long-distance Neolithic track." The question asks for the name of the track.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Giving the age ("Neolithic") or type ("track") instead of the name.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The proper noun "Ridgeway" is the answer.

📝 Question 10:

First recorded in the 1070s in 10....

🔹 Correct Answer: Documents
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The earliest evidence is mentioned in "documents from the nearby Abbey of Abingdon." The records were found in documents.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "Abbey" (the source location) or the name of the hill ("White Horse Hill"). The type of record is required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The word "recorded" points to the type of historical record used (documents).

📝 Question 11:

Dating carried out on 11.... removed from the geoglyph.

🔹 Correct Answer: Soil
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The OSL testing "was carried out by the Oxford Archaeological Unit on soil from two of the lower layers of the horse’s body..." Soil was the material removed.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "layers" (the location within) or the dating technique ("OSL"). The material tested is required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the physical material that the dating test was performed on.

📝 Question 12:

May have symbolised the Celtic goddess Epona, associated with horses and 12....

🔹 Correct Answer: Fertility
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Epona was worshipped "as a protector of horses, and for her associations with fertility."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using the title ("protector of horses") instead of the abstract concept associated with her.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The question asks for the second concept associated with the goddess Epona.

📝 Question 13:

Possibly represents the goddess 13.... from Welsh mythology.

🔹 Correct Answer: Rhiannon
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text mentions, "It is possible that the carving represents a goddess in native mythology, such as Rhiannon, described in later Welsh mythology as a beautiful woman... riding a white horse."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "beautiful woman" or "Welsh mythology." The name of the goddess is required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "such as" introduces the name of the possible goddess.

QUESTIONS 14-16 (Passage 2: The World of Microbes)

📝 Question 14:

Paragraph 1

🔹 Correct Answer: iv. A single certainty among other less definite facts
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1 (First two sentences).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: This is a matching error from the previous prompt's analysis. The core idea of Paragraph 1 is the longevity and resilience of microbes. The appropriate heading is D. They will continue to exist for longer than the human race. The paragraph states microbes "have populated this planet since long before animal life developed and they will outlive us."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Selecting an incorrect heading based on the previous context. The focus is purely on the immense lifespan relative to humans.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "will outlive us" is a direct statement of the microbe's longevity.

📝 Question 15:

Paragraph 2

🔹 Correct Answer: C. the average individual has more microbial cells than human ones.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2 (Third sentence).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph gives the numbers: "the number of microbial ones is higher – about 39 trillion... at best... we are only 50 per cent human." This focuses on the surprising quantitative dominance of microbes in the body.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The statistics directly support the heading.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for statistics and figures (39 trillion vs 30 trillion) to confirm the statement about cell numbers.

📝 Question 16:

Paragraph 5

🔹 Correct Answer: A. explaining how a discovery was made
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph details the historical event: "The first man to see these... was a Dutch lens-maker called Antony van Leeuwenhoek in the 1670s. Using microscopes of his own design... he examined a drop of water... and found it teeming with tiny creatures..." This explains the discovery process.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The paragraph is a historical account of an initial discovery.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The focus on the first man and the method of observation confirms this heading.

QUESTIONS 17-20 (Passage 2: The World of Microbes)

📝 Question 17:

Only a tiny proportion of microbes cause 17....

🔹 Correct Answer: Illness
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 12
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text mentions "fewer than one hundred species of bacteria bring disease." The closest match in the option list is Illness (G), as "disease" is a type of illness.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "disease" if it's not an option. Match "disease" to its synonym "illness."
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the negative consequence caused by only a small number of microbes.

📝 Question 18:

Instead, we need to recognise that we live in a beneficial 18.... with them.

🔹 Correct Answer: Partnership
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 12
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text advises we "should realise we have a symbiotic relationship, that can be mutually beneficial." "Symbiotic relationship" and "mutually beneficial" are synonyms for a Partnership (B).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using the scientific term "symbiotic relationship" if it exceeds the word limit or is not an option.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The idea of a "mutually beneficial" relationship points to a Partnership.

📝 Question 19:

Factors upsetting this balance include poor 19....

🔹 Correct Answer: Nutrition
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 13
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The factors are listed as: "unhealthy, low-fibre diets." "Diets" relates to Nutrition (H), and "poor" corresponds to "unhealthy."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "low-fibre diets" (too many words) or "diets." "Nutrition" is the correct noun from the options.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "unhealthy, low-fibre diets" is the context for Nutrition.

📝 Question 20:

excessive 20....

🔹 Correct Answer: Cleanliness
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 13
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Another factor is "Our obsession with hygiene." "Obsession with hygiene" is synonymous with excessive Cleanliness (E).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using the synonym "hygiene" if it is not in the options list.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The word "obsession" points to the idea of excessive focus.

QUESTIONS 21-26 (Passage 2: The World of Microbes)

📝 Question 21:

Using household antibacterial products may not always reduce the amount of harmful bacteria.

🔹 Correct Answer: YES
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 14
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage notes that studies indicate excessive use of these products "actually destroys the microbes that normally keep the more dangerous germs at bay." Destroying the helpful microbes means the harmful ones are no longer controlled, so the product may fail to reduce them.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The counter-effect of the products confirms YES.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "actually destroys the microbes that normally keep the more dangerous germs at bay" is the definitive evidence.

📝 Question 22:

Parents should aim to minimise the time their children spend in contact with all types of bacteria.

🔹 Correct Answer: NO
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 14
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text mentions that studies show "keeping a dog as a pet gives children early exposure to a diverse range of bacteria, which may help protect them against allergies later." The idea that exposure can be protective contradicts the claim that parents should minimise contact with *all* types.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The statement of potential benefit contradicts the recommended minimisation.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The potential protective benefit of exposure is the reason the statement is NO.

📝 Question 23:

The writer believes that Yong includes an unnecessary number of case studies in his book.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 15
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The writer mentions the case studies and suggests some are "unglamorous," but he does not comment on the *quantity* or *necessity* (unnecessary number) of the case studies.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the writer's judgment on the *quality* (unglamorous) with the *quantity* (unnecessary number).
⭐ Key Learning Point: The writer's opinion on the number is the specific detail that is NOT GIVEN.

📝 Question 24:

The writer suggests that some of the case studies in Yong’s book will be of limited appeal to readers.

🔹 Correct Answer: YES
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 15
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The writer says, "The readers of Yong’s book must be prepared for a decidedly unglamorous world." They then list examples (like the squid and fungus) that are "less appealing" (limited appeal).
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The writer's statement about the content's unglamorous nature is a direct judgment on its appeal.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The words "unglamorous" and "less appealing" are synonyms for "limited appeal."

📝 Question 25:

The measures to control dengue fever using bacteria have proved to be very effective.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 16
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text describes the measures ("block dengue from spreading in the insects themselves"), but it does not comment on the success rate or effectiveness ("proved to be very effective").
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming the development of a measure means it is successful.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The outcome or evaluation of the measures is missing, so the answer is NOT GIVEN.

📝 Question 26:

New hospital wards have now been built which make use of beneficial microbes.

🔹 Correct Answer: NO
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 16 (Final sentence).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage uses hypothetical language: "In the future... we could construct buildings... Just imagine a neonatal hospital ward coated..." The future tense and imaginative phrasing imply that this has not yet been done.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Mistaking a future possibility for a present reality.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The words "In the future" and "imagine" confirm NO (it has not been built yet).

QUESTIONS 27-30 (Passage 3: The Science of Wisdom)

📝 Question 27:

What is the writer’s main purpose in the first paragraph?

🔹 Correct Answer: B. A basic assumption about wisdom may be wrong.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph contrasts the conventional belief that the wise are "few and far between" with the research finding that wisdom "isn’t an exceptional trait... in fact, the latest studies suggest that most of us have the ability." This contradicts the basic assumption.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing on the general definition of wisdom and missing the core point of the article (the debunking of the assumption).
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "isn’t an exceptional trait... most of us have the ability" is the definitive statement that the assumption is wrong.

📝 Question 28:

What is Igor Grossmann’s opinion about past wisdom research?

🔹 Correct Answer: C. The importance of certain influences on it was underestimated.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Grossmann says that "experiential, situational, and cultural factors are even more powerful in shaping wisdom than previously imagined." This suggests that the importance of these factors was underestimated in the past.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The comparison ("more powerful than previously imagined") is direct evidence.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "more powerful than previously imagined" is key for C.

📝 Question 29:

What is the significance of the word ‘context’ in the study of wisdom?

🔹 Correct Answer: B. will be different in different circumstances.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph states, "our ability to reason wisely depends on a variety of external factors." Grossmann adds it is "impossible to characterize thought processes attributed to wisdom without considering the role of contextual factors." This means wisdom is not fixed; it changes based on circumstances.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option A is the refuted belief (that it is a fixed personality trait).
⭐ Key Learning Point: The conclusion that wisdom is not a possession but dependent on context confirms B.

📝 Question 30:

The suggestion to 'look at scenarios from a third-party perspective' is

🔹 Correct Answer: D. a recommended strategy that can help people to reason wisely
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text introduces this as "one of the most reliable ways to support wisdom in our own day-to-day decisions." A reliable way to support wisdom is a recommended strategy.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The phrase "most reliable ways to support wisdom" is direct evidence.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The focus on giving "advice to a friend" highlights this as a practical strategy.

QUESTIONS 31-35 (Passage 3: The Science of Wisdom)

📝 Question 31:

Grossmann’s framework includes intellectual humility (or 31....)

🔹 Correct Answer: Modesty
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text defines intellectual humility as "recognition of the limits of our own knowledge." This is synonymous with Modesty (D), in the sense of not overestimating one's knowledge.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The bracketed explanation is the key to matching the option.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The core idea is to acknowledge one's limitations in knowledge.

📝 Question 32:

and appreciation of 32.... wider than the issue at hand.

🔹 Correct Answer: Opinions
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text lists the second characteristic: "appreciation of perspectives wider than the issue at hand." Perspectives is closely matched by the word Opinions (A).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using a word like "perspectives" if it is not in the options.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The core idea is to consider different viewpoints/perspectives.

📝 Question 33:

Taking a third-person perspective helps people to take a broad 33.... of any situation.

🔹 Correct Answer: View
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The third-person "observer" viewpoint allows us to "reason more broadly." Thinking broadly is synonymous with taking a broad View (C) of the situation.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The phrase "reason more broadly" is the main clue.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The spatial/conceptual metaphor of taking a broad perspective is key.

📝 Question 34:

and avoid focusing on 34....

🔹 Correct Answer: Objectivity
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The third-person viewpoint fosters cognitive processes related to wise decisions by focusing on "interpersonal and moral ideals such as justice and impartiality." Impartiality (neutrality) is a key component of Objectivity (F).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "impartiality" if it's not an option. Match "impartiality" to its broader concept.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The goal is to avoid subjective, first-person focus, thus promoting Objectivity.

📝 Question 35:

This allows them to consider moral ideals such as 35....

🔹 Correct Answer: Fairness
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The third-person viewpoint focuses "more on interpersonal and moral ideals such as justice and impartiality." Justice is synonymous with Fairness (G).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "justice" if it's not an option.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The moral ideal of "justice" is the evidence for Fairness.

QUESTIONS 36-40 (Passage 3: The Science of Wisdom)

📝 Question 36:

The students in the job prospects experiment were allowed to choose their own perspective.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states, "The students were instructed to imagine their career either ‘as if you were a distant observer’ or ‘before your own eyes’..." "Instructed to imagine" means the perspectives were assigned, not chosen.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The method of instruction is the key factor.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The instruction verb "instructed" contradicts "allowed to choose."

📝 Question 37:

The couples were told that the aim of the experiment was to see how wisely they could reason.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage describes the participants (couples) and the procedure (discuss a conflict), but does not state what the couples were told about the study's aim.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming the participants were fully informed about the specific hypothesis being tested (wise reasoning).
⭐ Key Learning Point: The information provided is only about the procedure, not the degree of informed consent or aim disclosure.

📝 Question 38:

The length of the couples’ relationship was found to affect the results of the experiment.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text mentions the couples were in "long-term romantic relationships" and details the results concerning perspective, but does not provide any information about the influence of the *length* of the relationship on the outcomes.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The variable (length of relationship) is not correlated with the results in the text.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Causal or correlational claims (affect the results) must be explicitly stated to be true.

📝 Question 39:

Both experiments demonstrated that adopting a detached viewpoint improved people’s reasoning.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraphs 6 & 7
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Job Prospects (P6): The "distant observer" (detached) showed "more intellectual humility and greater recognition of change." Couples’ Conflict (P7): The "outsider's perspective" (detached) led to "more wise reasoning strategies." Both confirmed the benefit of detachment.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. This is a clear synthesis of the findings.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The principle established in the text is that psychological distance leads to greater wisdom.

📝 Question 40:

Grossmann believes intelligence has only a limited influence on a person’s wisdom.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 8
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states there is "only a small positive relationship between wise thinking and crystallized intelligence." "Only a small... relationship" means it has a limited influence.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The exact phrasing is the definitive proof.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The use of "only a small" is the quantitative evidence for a limited influence.