تحلیل ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک کمبریج 20 - تست 3: بررسی سوالات، نکات کلیدی و استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی

مقدمه: (توجه: کتاب کمبریج ۲۰ هنوز به صورت رسمی تأیید و منتشر نشده است. این تحلیل بر اساس نسخه‌های غیررسمی موجود در اینترنت تهیه شده است. به محض انتشار رسمی، محتوا به‌روزرسانی خواهد شد. ما برای دسترسی کامل شما به منابع، این نسخه را نیز پوشش داده‌ایم.) ریدینگ آکادمیک نیازمند درک سریع متون علمی است. در این مقاله، تحلیل تست ۳ ریدینگ از کتاب آیلتس کمبریج ۲۰ (Cambridge IELTS 20) را ارائه می‌دهیم. هدف ما بررسی ساختار متن‌ها، استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی و نکات کلیدی برای کمک به شما در کسب نمره بهتر است.
برای دیدن بقیه‌ی تحلیل‌ها به لینک زیر بروید:

پالت ناوبری سوالات

QUESTIONS 1-7 (Passage 1: Frozen Food) - Summary Completion

📝 Question 1:

People conserved the nutritional value of Potatoes, using a method of freezing then drying.

🔹 Correct Answer: Potatoes
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1. "Two thousand years ago, the inhabitants of South America’s Andean mountains had a unique means of conserving **potatoes** for later consumption. They froze them overnight, then trampled them to squeeze out the moisture, then dried them in the sun. This preserved their nutritional value..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The question asks for the food item that was conserved by freezing and drying. The text explicitly states that Andean inhabitants conserved "**potatoes**" using this exact method, and that it "**preserved their nutritional value**."
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, this is a **direct fact**.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Scan for **dates or proper nouns** (2,000 years ago, South America) to locate specific facts for gap-fill questions.

📝 Question 2:

Butter was kept cool by ice during transportation in specially adapted trains.

🔹 Correct Answer: Butter
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2. "In 1851, railroads first began putting blocks of ice in insulated rail cars to send **butter** from Ogdensburg, New York, to Boston."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The question asks what was transported using ice in rail cars in 1851. The text states they sent "**butter**" in "**insulated rail cars**" (specially adapted trains).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing 'ice' or 'rail cars,' which are the **means of transport**, not the product being transported.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Ensure the chosen word fits the **grammatical role** of the noun being transported.

📝 Question 3:

Two kinds of Meat were the first frozen food shipped to England.

🔹 Correct Answer: Meat
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4. "...Australian cattlemen were quick to realize that... they could export **meat** across the oceans. In 1880, a shipment of Australian **beef** and **mutton** was sent, frozen, to England."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The question states two kinds of [word] were shipped. The text mentions "**beef and mutton**" as the two kinds, which are types of "**meat**." Since only **ONE WORD** is allowed, '**Meat**' is the correct **category word** that covers both examples.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing 'beef' or 'mutton' (one word only, not two words) or 'beef and mutton' (two words). The best one-word answer for the category is **Meat**.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When the text lists two **specific examples** (beef and mutton) but the gap-fill requires a **single word** to describe the category, use the **overarching category noun** (Meat).

📝 Question 4:

quick-freezing methods, so that Crystals did not spoil the food.

🔹 Correct Answer: Crystals
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7. "He developed quick-freezing techniques that reduced the damage that **crystals** caused..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The question asks what quick-freezing techniques were designed to reduce the damage from. The text says the damage was caused by "**crystals**." This links directly back to Paragraph 4, which explained that the large size of crystals spoiled the flavor and texture.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing 'damage' or 'flavor' (which is the result, not the cause).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Identify the **specific agent of damage**. The word "**reduced the damage that crystals caused**" is key.

📝 Question 5:

packaging products with Cellophane so the product was visible.

🔹 Correct Answer: Cellophane
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7. "He also introduced the use of **cellophane**, the first transparent material for food packaging, which allowed consumers to **see the quality** of the product."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The question asks for the material used for visibility. The text specifies "**cellophane**," which was the first "**transparent material**," and which "**allowed consumers to see**" (visible).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing 'transparent material' (two words) or 'packaging' (too general).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the **specific name of the material** that fulfills the purpose described.

📝 Question 6:

Frozen food became popular because of a shortage of Tin

🔹 Correct Answer: Tin
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 9. "Sales increased in the early 1940s, when World War II gave a boost to the frozen food industry because **tin** was being used for munitions. Canned foods were rationed to save **tin** for the war effort, while frozen foods were abundant and cheap."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The question asks what material was in shortage (being rationed) leading to increased popularity of frozen food. The text says "**tin**" was rationed to save it for war efforts, which made canned foods scarce and boosted frozen food sales.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing 'munitions' (what the tin was used for) or 'canned foods' (what was rationed). The core shortage item is **Tin**.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Understand the **cause-and-effect chain**: Shortage of **Tin** (cause) $\rightarrow$ Canned foods rationed (effect) $\rightarrow$ Frozen food becomes popular (secondary effect).

📝 Question 7:

A large number of homes now had a Refrigerator

🔹 Correct Answer: Refrigerator
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 9. "Finally, by the 1950s, **refrigerator** technology had developed far enough to make these appliances affordable for the average family. By 1953, 33 million US families owned a **refrigerator**..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The question asks for the appliance widely owned by the 1950s. The text states that by the 1950s, "**refrigerator** technology" made them affordable, and 33 million families owned a "**refrigerator**."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing 'freezer' (too specific, the text mentions refrigerator technology and then increasing the size of the freezer compartment).
⭐ Key Learning Point: The text refers to the **overall appliance** which became affordable and widely owned.

QUESTIONS 8-13 (Passage 1: Frozen Food) - True/False/Not Given

📝 Question 8:

The ice transportation business made some Boston ship owners very wealthy in the early 1800s.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2. "In the early 1800s, ship owners from Boston, USA, had enormous blocks of Arctic ice towed all over the Atlantic for the purpose of food preservation."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text confirms that Boston ship owners were involved in ice transportation. However, it **does not mention anything about their financial success** or whether they became "**very wealthy**." The profitability of the business is not discussed.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Students might assume that such a vast operation would be very profitable. This is an **assumption**, and the text is **silent on the specific outcome** (wealth).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Do not assume **financial outcomes**. If the text confirms the activity but not the result (e.g., success, failure, wealth, poverty), the answer is **NOT GIVEN**.

📝 Question 9:

A disadvantage of the freezing process invented in Australia was that it affected the taste of food.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4. "...the food frozen this way was still palatable, there was some deterioration. During the freezing process, crystals formed within the cells of the food, and when the ice expanded and the cells burst, this **spoilt the flavor** and texture of the food."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The question claims a disadvantage was that it "**affected the taste**" (spoilt the flavor). The text explicitly says the bursting of cells "**spoilt the flavor** and texture of the food." This confirms the statement.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, this is a clear confirmation.
⭐ Key Learning Point: '**Spoilt the flavor**' is a direct synonym for '**affected the taste**' (negatively).

📝 Question 10:

Clarence Birdseye travelled to Labrador in order to learn how the Inuit people froze fish.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5. "...a biology student in Massachusetts, USA, named Clarence Birdseye, ran out of money and went to Labrador in Canada to **trap and trade furs**. While he was there, he became fascinated with how the Inuit would quickly freeze fish..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The question claims his **purpose was** "**in order to learn how the Inuit people froze fish**." The text states his **original purpose was** "**to trap and trade furs**." He only became fascinated with the freezing technique while he was there. This **directly contradicts his stated reason for going**.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Seeing the two ideas (Birdseye went to Labrador, Birdseye learned from Inuit) and linking them with the wrong causality. His purpose was **FURS**, not learning about freezing.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Carefully examine the **stated reason/purpose** of an action (indicated by phrases like '**in order to**' or '**purpose was**').

📝 Question 11:

Swanson Foods invested a great deal of money in the promotion of the TV Dinner.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 10. "In 1954, the company adapted some of Birdseye’s freezing techniques, and with the help of a clever name and a **huge advertising budget**, it launched the first ‘TV Dinner’."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The question states they "**invested a great deal of money in the promotion**." The text confirms they used a "**huge advertising budget**" (invested a great deal of money in the promotion).
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, this is a direct confirmation.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Identify synonyms: 'invested a great deal of money in promotion' = '**huge advertising budget**.'

📝 Question 12:

Swanson Foods developed a new style of container for the launch of the TV Dinner.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 10. "This consisted of frozen turkey, potatoes and vegetables served in the **same segmented aluminum tray that was used by airlines**."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The question claims they "**developed a new style of container**." The text states the meal was served in the "**same** segmented aluminum tray that was used by airlines." The use of the word "**same**" **contradicts** the idea that they "**developed a new**" container.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Students might focus on 'segmented aluminum tray' and assume it's new, missing the crucial modifier '**same... as used by airlines**.'
⭐ Key Learning Point: **Qualifiers** like '**same**' or '**new**' are often the source of **contradiction** in True/False/Not Given questions.

📝 Question 13:

The US frozen food industry is currently the largest in the world.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 11. "Today, the US frozen food industry has a turnover of over $67 billion annually..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text provides the total annual turnover of the US frozen food industry ($67 billion). However, it **does not provide a comparison to the frozen food industries of other countries**. Therefore, we cannot determine if the US industry is the "**largest in the world**."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Students might see the large number ($67 billion) and **assume** it must be the largest. This is an **assumption**, as the data for global comparison is **missing**.
⭐ Key Learning Point: To confirm a **superlative** (largest, smallest, best, etc.), the text must provide the **data or explicit comparison** to others in the category ('in the world').

QUESTIONS 14-19 (Passage 2: Can the planet’s coral reefs be saved?) - Matching Headings

📝 Question 14:

Section A

🔹 Correct Answer: v (Two clear educational goals)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph A. “‘Coral reefs are the most diverse ecosystems on Earth and we want to show people how wonderful they are,’... ‘However, we also want to **highlight the research and conservation efforts** that are now being carried out to try to save them...’"
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The section quotes the curator stating **two distinct goals**: 1) "**show people how wonderful they are**" (educational goal 1) and 2) "**highlight the research and conservation efforts**" (educational goal 2). This aligns perfectly with **Two clear educational goals**.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for **direct lists of aims, purposes, or objectives** within the paragraph to match list-based headings.

📝 Question 15:

Section B

🔹 Correct Answer: ii (Cooperation beneath the waves)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B. "These polyps are transparent but get their brilliant tones... from algae that live within them, which in turn get protection, while their photosynthesising... **provides nutrients for the polyps**. This comfortable **symbiotic relationship** has led to the growth of coral reefs..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph describes the mutual relationship: algae get protection, and polyps get nutrients. This mutual, cooperative arrangement is defined as a "**symbiotic relationship**," which is synonymous with **Cooperation beneath the waves**.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the term '**symbiotic relationship**' is the key phrase.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Headings often **paraphrase scientific or conceptual terms**. 'Symbiotic relationship' = '**Cooperation**'.

📝 Question 16:

Section C

🔹 Correct Answer: iv (Disagreement about the accuracy of a certain phrase)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C. "As a result, coral reefs are often described as the ‘**rainforests of the sea**’, **though the comparison is dismissed** by some naturalists, including David Attenborough. ‘People say you cannot beat the rainforest,’ Attenborough has stated. ‘But that is **simply not true**.’"
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph focuses on the phrase "**rainforests of the sea**" and then states that this comparison is "**dismissed**" and said to be "**simply not true**" by experts. This constitutes a **Disagreement about the accuracy of a certain phrase**.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Students might stop at the 'rainforests of the sea' description and miss the later refutation/disagreement.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay attention to **contrasting conjunctions** ('**though**,' '**but**') that introduce a change of opinion or contradiction.

📝 Question 17:

Section D

🔹 Correct Answer: vii (A warning of further trouble ahead)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph D. "Unfortunately, these majestic sights are now under very serious threat... And that is **just the start**. Other menaces include ocean acidification... scientists advise that **more than 90% of reefs could be lost by 2050** unless urgent action is taken..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph outlines current threats and then issues a severe **future forecast** ("**90% of reefs could be lost by 2050**") and a strong indication that this is just the beginning ("**that is just the start**"). This is a strong **warning of further trouble ahead**.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing a heading that only focuses on the present problem. The key is the emphasis on the **future danger**.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for **time markers** (**2050**, **just the start**) and **modal verbs** (**could be lost**) that signal future predictions and warnings.

📝 Question 18:

Section E

🔹 Correct Answer: iii (Working to lessen the problems)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph E. "However, **scientists are trying to pinpoint hardy types of coral that could survive**... One aim will be to **carry out research** on species to find those that can survive best in warm, acidic waters. Another will be to **try to increase coral breeding rates**... to assist coral reef restoration efforts."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph lists multiple research aims: finding hardy corals and increasing breeding rates to help with restoration. These are all **actions being taken to mitigate the threats** described in D, which is **Working to lessen the problems**.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing a heading that is too specific, such as one only about breeding. The efforts cover both survival traits and breeding efforts.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on the **action being taken**. 'Trying to pinpoint,' 'carry out research,' and 'increase breeding' are all evidence of '**working**.'

📝 Question 19:

Section F

🔹 Correct Answer: vi (Promoting hope)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph F. “The crucial point is that the progress we make in making coral better able to survive in a warming world can be shown to the public and **encourage them to believe that we can do something to save the planet’s reefs**."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The section's main point, as stated by the curator, is to show the public the progress being made in order to "**encourage them to believe that we can do something**." This message of positive belief in the ability to save the reefs is best summarized as **Promoting hope**.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing 'Tried and tested solutions' (i). The text focuses on the **hope generated by the progress**, not that the solutions are already fully implemented and proven successful globally.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Analyze the **concluding or main purpose statement** in the final paragraph.

QUESTIONS 20-23 (Passage 2: Can the planet’s coral reefs be saved?) - Multiple Choice (Choose TWO)

📝 Question 20 & 21:

Which TWO of these causes of damage to coral reefs are mentioned by the writer of the text?

🔹 Correct Answers: C. the contamination of the sea from waste. and E. alterations in the usual flow of water in the seas. (in either order)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph D. "Other menaces include ocean acidification, sea level increase, **pollution by humans**, deoxygenation and **ocean current changes**..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer (C): This is a paraphrase of "**pollution by humans**." (**Confirm**)
🔹 Analysis of the Answer (E): This is a paraphrase of "**ocean current changes**." (**Confirm**)
⚠️ Potential Traps: Students might assume A or B based on general knowledge. Stick strictly to the **explicit list provided in the text**: thermal stress, ocean acidification, sea level increase, **pollution by humans**, deoxygenation, and **ocean current changes**.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Treat all options as T/F/NG and rely only on the **explicit list provided** in the text.

📝 Question 22 & 23:

Which TWO of the following statements are true of the researchers at London Zoo?

🔹 Correct Answers: B. They want to identify corals that can cope well with the changed sea conditions. and D. They are trying out methods that would speed up reproduction in some corals. (in either order)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph E. "One aim will be to **carry out research** on species to **find those that can survive best in warm, acidic waters**. Another will be to try to **increase coral breeding rates**... aquarium-based research has enabled some corals to **spawn artificially**..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer (B): This is a direct paraphrase of the aim to "**find those that can survive best in warm, acidic waters**." (**Confirm**)
🔹 Analysis of the Answer (D): This is a direct paraphrase of the aim to "**increase coral breeding rates**" and enabling corals to "**spawn artificially**." (**Confirm**)
⚠️ Potential Traps: Options A and C are distractors based on elements mentioned elsewhere. **Focus strictly on the research aims outlined in Paragraph E**.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Pinpoint the **specific section** of the text that discusses the required topic (research aims in this case) and filter the options against **only that evidence**.

QUESTIONS 24-26 (Passage 2: Can the planet’s coral reefs be saved?) - Summary Completion (One Word Only)

📝 Question 24:

Corals have a number of Tentacles which they use to collect their food.

🔹 Correct Answer: Tentacles
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B. "Corals are composed of tiny animals, known as polyps, with **tentacles** for **capturing** small marine creatures in the sea water."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The question asks for the part of the coral polyps used to collect food ("capturing small marine creatures"). The text states they have "**tentacles** for capturing..."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing 'polyps' (the animals themselves).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Find the **specific body part** that performs the required function.

📝 Question 25:

Algae gain Protection from being inside the coral.

🔹 Correct Answer: Protection
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B. "...algae that live within them, which in turn get **protection**, while their photosynthesising... provides nutrients for the polyps."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The question asks what the algae gain (what they "get") from living inside the coral. The text states they get "**protection**."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing 'nutrients' (what the polyps get).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Clearly identify **which organism** (algae or polyps) is gaining which benefit in the symbiotic relationship.

📝 Question 26:

Increases in the warmth of the sea water can remove the Colour from coral.

🔹 Correct Answer: Colour
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph D. "Rising ocean temperatures are triggering bleaching events that strip reefs of their **colour** and eventually kill them."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The question refers to the effect of increasing warmth (rising ocean temperatures). The text describes bleaching events that "**strip reefs of their colour**."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing 'algae' (the component that is removed) or 'bleaching' (the event). The question asks what is removed from the coral (what they are **stripped of**).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on the **object being lost**: stripped of its **colour**.

QUESTIONS 27-33 (Passage 3: Robots and us) - Matching Statements to Experts

📝 Question 27:

For our own safety, humans will need to restrict the abilities of robots.

🔹 Correct Answer: A (Martin Rees)
📍 Location in Passage: Question 3 section (Rees's reply). "I think we should **ensure that robots remain as no more than “idiot savants” lacking the capacity to outwit us**..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The statement claims humans must **restrict the abilities** of robots (**lack the capacity to outwit us**) for our own safety. Rees explicitly recommends "**ensure that robots remain as no more than 'idiot savants' lacking the capacity to outwit us**." This matches.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, this is a **direct recommendation** by Rees.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for **suggestions or prescriptions** ('**we should ensure that...**') concerning **limitations**.

📝 Question 28:

The risk of robots harming us is less serious than humans believe it to be.

🔹 Correct Answer: C (Kathleen Richardson)
📍 Location in Passage: Question 2 section (Richardson's reply). "...we tend to **imagine they are greater and more powerful than they really are**..." Question 3 section (Richardson's reply). "...none have in fact risen up and challenged human supremacy.’ She believes that as robots have **never shown themselves to be a threat** to humans, it seems unlikely that they ever will."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Richardson argues that fear is based on human tendency to exaggerate the threat (**imagining them greater and more powerful than they really are**) and points out they have "**never shown themselves to be a threat**." This clearly suggests the **risk is less serious than perceived**.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Wolpert acknowledges harm (computer viruses), but Richardson **diminishes the fear** and the actual threat level.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for statements that **diminish or challenge the scale of a problem** ('**less serious**,' '**never shown to be a threat**').

📝 Question 29:

It will take many decades for robot intelligence to be as imaginative as human intelligence.

🔹 Correct Answer: B (Daniel Wolpert)
📍 Location in Passage: Question 2 section (Wolpert's reply). "However, there is no machine that can identify visual objects or speech with the reliability and flexibility of humans.... **Expecting a machine close to the creative intelligence of a human within the next 50 years would be highly ambitious**."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The statement claims it will take **many decades** (more than 50 years) for robot intelligence to reach human-level **imaginative (creative) intelligence**. Wolpert suggests that reaching "**creative intelligence**" within **50 years would be highly ambitious** (i.e., it will likely take longer than 50 years, or '**many decades**').
⚠️ Potential Traps: Rees focuses on sensing and movement ability, not '**creative**' or '**imaginative**' intelligence.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Identify language that expresses a **timeframe** and a **specific type of intelligence** (e.g., '**creative intelligence**').

📝 Question 30:

We may have to start considering whether we are treating robots fairly.

🔹 Correct Answer: A (Martin Rees)
📍 Location in Passage: Question 2 section (Rees's reply). "**Moral questions then arise**. … Should we feel **guilty about exploiting** [sophisticated robots]? Should we **fret if they are underemployed, frustrated, or bored**?"
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The statement is about considering **fair treatment** (**guilty about exploiting, fretting if frustrated/bored**). Rees poses a series of questions that **directly address the moral implications** of exploiting or underemploying advanced robots.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the language is a direct match.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for explicit discussion of '**moral questions**,' '**guilt**,' or '**fairness**' regarding robots.

📝 Question 31:

Robots are probably of more help to us on Earth than in space.

🔹 Correct Answer: B (Daniel Wolpert)
📍 Location in Passage: Question 1 section (Wolpert's reply). “I don’t see a pressing need to colonise other planets... Using robots to gather resources **nearer to home** would seem to be a **better use of our robotic tools**.”
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Wolpert suggests that colonizing other planets isn't necessary. He believes gathering resources "**nearer to home**" (i.e., **Earth**) is a "**better use**" of robots. This implies they are of **more help on Earth**.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Rees advocates for robot exploration of space. Wolpert is the only one who clearly suggests the '**better use**' is **nearer to home**.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for **direct comparisons of utility** ('**better use**').

📝 Question 32:

The ideas in high-quality science fiction may prove to be just as accurate as those found in the work of mediocre scientists.

🔹 Correct Answer: A (Martin Rees)
📍 Location in Passage: Question 4 section (Rees's reply). "I sometimes advise students that it’s better to read first-rate science fiction than second-rate science **more stimulating, and perhaps no more likely to be wrong**.”
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The statement claims science fiction is "**just as accurate**" (**no more likely to be wrong**) as mediocre scientists ("**second-rate science**"). Rees states first-rate science fiction is "**perhaps no more likely to be wrong**" than second-rate science. This is a very close paraphrase.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, this is a very close paraphrase.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay close attention to **subtle comparative phrases** like '**no more likely to be wrong**.'

📝 Question 33:

There are those who look forward to robots developing greater intelligence.

🔹 Correct Answer: C (Kathleen Richardson)
📍 Location in Passage: Question 3 section (Richardson's reply). "In fact, she went on, ‘Not all fear [robots]; **many people welcome machine intelligence**.’"
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The statement claims some people **look forward to (welcome)** greater intelligence. Richardson states that "**many people welcome machine intelligence**."
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, '**welcome**' is a direct synonym for '**look forward to**' in this context.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Identify the expression of a **positive future attitude** towards AI/robots.

QUESTIONS 34-36 (Passage 3: Robots and us) - Sentence Completion (Endings)

📝 Question 34:

Richardson and Rees express similar views regarding the ethical aspect of changes made to other planets for our own benefit.

🔹 Correct Answer: C (changes made to other planets for our own benefit)
📍 Location in Passage: Question 1 section. Rees: Mentions colonized planets should be **preserved** (like Antarctica) and considers "**terraforming**" (changes made) **less benign**. Richardson: The idea of 'colonisation' seemed "**morally dubious**," advocating for approaching planets in a spirit of genuine interest, "**not to impose a particular model**."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Both experts express **ethical/moral reservations** about the colonization or modification (**changes made**) of other planets (**other planets**) for human exploitation (**for our own benefit**).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option A (robots to explore outer space) is Rees's main proposal, but Richardson doesn't comment on exploration, only colonization/exploitation.
⭐ Key Learning Point: **Generalize the common thread** between two experts' opinions (moral opposition to colonization/terraforming).

📝 Question 35:

Rees and Wolpert share an opinion about the extent of advances made in machine intelligence so far.

🔹 Correct Answer: B (advances made in machine intelligence so far)
📍 Location in Passage: Question 2 section. Rees: Mentions robots are limited and "**can’t yet recognise and move the pieces on a real chessboard as cleverly as a child can**." Wolpert: States that "**no machine that can identify visual objects or speech with the reliability and flexibility of humans**."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Both experts agree that while machine intelligence has advanced, it still has **significant limitations** (**cannot sense/move like a child, cannot identify visual objects/speech like humans**). They agree on the **limited extent** of the current high-level, flexible intelligence **advances made so far**.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option D (the harm already done) is only fully discussed by Wolpert. The **shared ground** is the **current limits of AI flexibility**.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for a common **description or assessment of the current state**, often involving qualifications like '**limited**' or '**not yet**.'

📝 Question 36:

Wolpert disagrees with Richardson on the question of the harm already done by artificial intelligence.

🔹 Correct Answer: D (the harm already done by artificial intelligence)
📍 Location in Passage: Question 3 section. Wolpert: Says we have already seen damaging effects in the form of "**computer viruses**," which is a clear example of **harm done**. Richardson: Claims AI has "**never shown themselves to be a threat**" and says "**none have in fact risen up**."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Wolpert points to **concrete examples of harm** (computer viruses), while Richardson **dismisses the idea of AI being a threat**. They disagree on whether AI has caused (or is capable of causing) **harm already done**.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Richardson also disagrees with Wolpert about the fear (B), but Wolpert is specific about the actual harm done via **computer viruses**, which is the point of **direct contradiction** with Richardson's claim that they "**never shown themselves to be a threat**."
⭐ Key Learning Point: Identify a **specific, factual point** (like computer viruses) that one expert affirms and the other denies or downplays.

QUESTIONS 37-40 (Passage 3: Robots and us) - Multiple Choice (Choose the Best Answer)

📝 Question 37:

What point does Richardson make about fear of machines?

🔹 Correct Answer: B. It is the result of our inclination to attribute human characteristics to non-human entities.
📍 Location in Passage: Question 2 section (Richardson's reply). "...it stems from humans’ tendency to **personify inanimate objects**: we create machines based on **representations of ourselves**, imagine that machines think and behave as we do, and therefore see them as an autonomous threat."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Richardson says the fear stems from our tendency to "**personify inanimate objects**" and create machines based on ourselves. This is the core idea of **attributing human characteristics to non-human entities**.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option C is related but too simple. **B captures the core psychological mechanism** (personification, representation of ourselves) she describes.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on the **root cause** given by the expert, which, in this case, is **psychological**.

📝 Question 38:

What potential advance does Rees see as a cause for concern?

🔹 Correct Answer: C. artificial intelligence developing independent thought
📍 Location in Passage: Question 3 section (Rees's reply). "And another worry is that we are increasingly dependent on computer networks, and that these could behave like a single “brain” **with a mind of its own**, and with goals that may be contrary to human welfare."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Rees's concern is that networks could behave like a brain "**with a mind of its own**" (**independent thought**) and pursue goals contrary to human welfare.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option D is too general ('taking over every aspect'); **C is the specific mechanism he worries about**. B is incorrect as he is concerned with what robots **might** do, not what they currently are.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Identify the **source of the danger/worry** described by the expert.

📝 Question 39:

What does Wolpert emphasise in his response to the question about science fiction?

🔹 Correct Answer: B. how fundamental robots are to the science fiction genre
📍 Location in Passage: Question 4 section (Wolpert's reply). "Science fiction has painted a vivid spectrum of possible futures... Interestingly, **almost no science fiction envisages a future without robots**."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Wolpert notes the wide range of robot futures, but his concluding emphasis is that "**almost no science fiction envisages a future without robots**." This highlights the essential, **fundamental role** of robots in the genre's depiction of the future.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option C is about the spectrum (range) of images, but the **final, emphasized point is their absence**.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When an expert uses a **qualifying word** like "**Interestingly**" or a **strong quantifier** like "**almost no**," it often indicates their **emphasized point**.

📝 Question 40:

What is Richardson doing in her comment about reality and fantasy?

🔹 Correct Answer: C. recommending a change of approach in how people view them
📍 Location in Passage: Question 4 section (Richardson's reply). "But the divide is not so clear cut... In some cases, **we need to bring these different understandings together** to get a **whole perspective**... Perhaps then, we won’t be so frightened that something we create... will be a [threat] to us."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Richardson explains the historical separation of reality and fantasy and concludes by stating "**we need to bring these different understandings together**" to get a "**whole perspective**" to reduce fear. This is a clear **recommendation for a change of approach** in how we view the two concepts.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option D is only part of her argument (explaining why scientists separate them), but the **main purpose is the recommendation for reintegrating them** (C).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the **ultimate goal of the explanation**, which often involves a **suggested action or change**.