تحلیل ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک کمبریج 12 - تست 4: بررسی سوالات، نکات کلیدی و استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی

مقدمه: 

بخش ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک یکی از مهارت‌های حیاتی در آزمون آیلتس است که نیازمند درک سریع و دقیق متون علمی، مدیریت زمان و تسلط بر انواع سوالات می‌باشد. در این مقاله، تحلیل تست ۴ ریدینگ از کتاب آیلتس کمبریج ۱۲ (Cambridge IELTS 12) را ارائه می‌دهیم. هدف ما بررسی ساختار متن‌ها، استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی و نکات کلیدی برای کمک به داوطلبان در کسب نمره بهتر در این بخش است. این تست شامل سه متن آکادمیک است که به ترتیب سطح دشواری آن‌ها افزایش می‌یابد. داوطلبان باید با انواع سوالات مانند True/False/Not Given، Matching Headings، Multiple Choice و Summary Completion آشنا باشند و استراتژی‌های مناسبی برای هر نوع سوال اتخاذ کنند. در این مقاله، به بررسی نکات کلیدی متن‌ها، تحلیل دقیق سوالات، شناسایی اشتباهات رایج و ارائه روش‌های بهینه برای بهبود سرعت و دقت در پاسخ‌دهی خواهیم پرداخت. با مطالعه این راهنما، می‌توانید نقاط ضعف خود را تقویت کرده و عملکرد بهتری در بخش ریدینگ آیلتس داشته باشید. 

برای دیدن بقیه‌ی تحلیل‌ها به لینک زیر بروید:

پالت ناوبری سوالات

QUESTIONS 1-8 (Passage 1: The History of Glass) - Note Completion

📝 Question 1:

Early humans used a material called 1.... to make the sharp points of their 2....

🔹 Correct Answer: obsidian
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states that "a type of natural glass – obsidian –... was first used as tips for spears." Obsidian is the material used.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "natural glass," which is two words and less specific than the correct name.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the specific name of the natural material (often enclosed by dashes or commas).

📝 Question 2:

Early humans used a material called 1.... to make the sharp points of their 2....

🔹 Correct Answer: spears
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text confirms that obsidian "was first used as tips for spears."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "tips," which is the part of the object, not the object itself.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The question asks for the object's purpose, so the tool itself (spears) is the answer.

📝 Question 3:

4000 BC: 3.... made of stone were covered in a coating of man-made glass.

🔹 Correct Answer: beads
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states that the earliest man-made glass "took the form of glazes used for coating stone beads."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "glazes" or "stone."
⭐ Key Learning Point: Use the date (4000 BC) and the phrase "made of stone" as cues to find the object (beads).

📝 Question 4:

First century BC: glass was coloured because of the 4.... in the material.

🔹 Correct Answer: impurities
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states: "The glass made during this time was highly coloured due to the impurities of the raw material."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "raw material."
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the cause of the colour: the impurities.

📝 Question 5:

Until 476 AD: Only the 5.... knew how to make glass.

🔹 Correct Answer: Romans
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text mentions the Romans "guarded the skills and technology required to make glass very closely, and it was not until their empire collapsed in 476 AD that glass-making knowledge became widespread." This implies that until the collapse, the Romans controlled the knowledge.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "Venetians," who are mentioned later (10th century).
⭐ Key Learning Point: The date (476 AD) is the clue; look for the group whose empire collapsed at that time (Romans).

📝 Question 6:

17th century: George Ravenscroft developed a process using 6.... to avoid the occurrence of 7.... in blown glass.

🔹 Correct Answer: lead
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: George Ravenscroft "attempted to counter the effect of clouding... by introducing lead to the raw materials." Lead is the material introduced to the process.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using the result of the process (lead crystal glass).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the specific element added to the raw materials.

📝 Question 7:

17th century: George Ravenscroft developed a process using 6.... to avoid the occurrence of 7.... in blown glass.

🔹 Correct Answer: clouding
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: He tried to "counter the effect of clouding that sometimes occurred in blown glass." Clouding is the occurrence he wished to avoid.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "effect."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The word "avoid" is a synonym for "counter the effect of," leading to clouding.

📝 Question 8:

Mid-19th century: British glass production developed after changes to laws concerning 8....

🔹 Correct Answer: taxes
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states that the industry developed after the repeal of the Excise Act, which involved "heavy taxes... placed on the amount of glass melted." Taxes were the subject of the changed laws.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "Excise Act" or "amount of glass."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "heavy taxes had been placed on the amount of glass" provides the answer (taxes).

QUESTIONS 9-13 (Passage 1: The History of Glass) - True/False/Not Given

📝 Question 9:

In 1887, HM Ashley had the fastest bottle-producing machine that existed at the time.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The machine was "capable of producing 200 bottles per hour... more than three times quicker than any previous production method." This superlative comparison ("more than three times quicker than any previous") confirms it was the fastest at that time.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Overlooking the comparative phrase, which is the direct evidence.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for strong comparative phrases ("more than X quicker than any previous") to support claims of 'fastest' or 'best'.

📝 Question 10:

Michael Owens was hired by a large US company to design a fully-automated bottle manufacturing machine for them.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states that Michael Owens was the "founder of the Owens Bottle Machine Company" and the machine was "installed in its factory." This contradicts the idea that he was hired by *another* large US company.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing his *status* (founder/owner) with a statement claiming he was an *employee* hired by another company.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The core contradiction is between 'founder/owner' and 'hired by a large US company'.

📝 Question 11:

Nowadays, most glass is produced by large international manufacturers.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Not mentioned in the text.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage mentions a "fiercely competitive global market" but never quantifies the production volume or states that "most" glass is produced by large international manufacturers.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Inferring this from the mention of a "global market." The specific proportion of production is missing.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Do not guess based on economic context; the text must explicitly mention the proportion or majority.

📝 Question 12:

Concern for the environment is leading to an increased demand for glass containers.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states: "with growing consumer concern for green issues [environmental concern], glass bottles and jars are becoming ever more popular [increased demand]." This is a direct cause-and-effect match.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Missing the synonyms: "green issues" = "concern for the environment"; "ever more popular" = "increased demand."
⭐ Key Learning Point: This is a question of synonym identification for both the cause and the effect.

📝 Question 13:

It is more expensive to produce recycled glass than to manufacture new glass.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage says: "As less energy is needed to melt recycled glass than to melt down raw materials, this also saves fuel and production costs." Since it saves costs, it is less expensive, which contradicts the statement.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Misunderstanding the inverse relationship: saving costs means lower expense.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for a quantitative comparison (less energy) that leads to a financial benefit (saves costs).

QUESTIONS 14-18 (Passage 2: Rewilding) - Multiple Choice

📝 Question 14:

What did the 2006 discovery of the animal bone reveal about the lynx?

🔹 Correct Answer: D. It survived in Britain longer than was previously thought.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage states the lynx "was presumed to have died out in Britain at least 6,000 years ago" but the bone "would bring forward the tassel-eared cat’s estimated extinction date by roughly 5,000 years." Bringing the date forward means it survived for a longer period than initially estimated.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the specific timeframe (5,000 years) with the conclusion about survival.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "bring forward the estimated extinction date" is the key synonym for surviving longer than thought.

📝 Question 15:

What point does the writer make about large predators in the third paragraph?

🔹 Correct Answer: A. Their presence can increase biodiversity.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text explains that predators "drive dynamic processes that resonate through the whole food chain, creating niches for hundreds of species that might otherwise struggle to survive." Creating niches for hundreds of species directly equates to increasing biodiversity.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the process ("resonate through the whole food chain") with the ultimate benefit (increased biodiversity).
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "creating niches for hundreds of species" is the synonym for increasing biodiversity.

📝 Question 16:

What does the writer suggest about British conservation in the fourth paragraph?

🔹 Correct Answer: C. It has taken a misguided approach.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The writer criticizes the approach, stating it "has tried to preserve the living world as if it were a jar of pickles, letting nothing in and nothing out, keeping nature in a state of arrested development." Comparing it to a jar of pickles and arrested development implies a flawed or misguided approach.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing only on the high cost (A), which is a detail, not the main criticism of the approach's philosophy.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The critical analogy ("jar of pickles") and the negative phrase ("arrested development") indicate a strong judgment of the approach as misguided.

📝 Question 17:

Protecting large areas of the sea from commercial fishing would result in

🔹 Correct Answer: A. practical benefits for the fishing industry.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage argues this policy "would also greatly boost catches in the surrounding seas." Boosting catches is a clear, practical benefit for the fishing industry, counteracting their current damaging practices.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing on the possibility of seeing whales (a separate outcome) and missing the core economic benefit for the industry.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the economic outcome or practical advantage ("greatly boost catches") to answer questions about industry benefit.

📝 Question 18:

According to the author, what distinguishes rewilding from other environmental campaigns?

🔹 Correct Answer: C. Its positive message is more appealing.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The author states rewilding campaigners articulate "what they are for rather than only what they are against." This positive framing "helps to create a more inspiring vision" than the usual promise of "less awful." Inspiring and positive is what makes it more appealing.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing on the negative framing of other campaigns (B) instead of the positive appeal of rewilding.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The key is the contrast in messaging ("what they are for" vs. "what they are against") resulting in an "inspiring vision."

QUESTIONS 19-22 (Passage 2: Rewilding) - Summary Completion (Matching Options)

📝 Question 19:

...in danger

🔹 Correct Answer: E. humans
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states: "The lynx presents no threat to human beings: there is no known instance of one preying on people." This confirms the lynx would not put humans in danger.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question asks who would *not* be in danger, and the text confirms humans are safe.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the group that is explicitly stated as safe or not preyed upon by the animal.

📝 Question 20:

...whose populations have increased enormously in recent decades

🔹 Correct Answer: D. wild animals
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The lynx is described as a predator of "roe deer, a species that has exploded in Britain in recent decades." Roe deer are wild animals whose population has increased enormously.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing a specific animal name (roe deer) instead of the category asked for in the options (wild animals).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the category that encompasses the specific example ("roe deer" is a type of "wild animal").

📝 Question 21:

...provided these were kept away from lynx habitats

🔹 Correct Answer: F. farm animals
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states the lynx "presents little risk to sheep and other livestock, which are supposed... to be kept out of the woods." Sheep and livestock are farm animals, and the condition for minimal risk is keeping them away from the habitat.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing a specific animal name (sheep) instead of the category (farm animals/livestock).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the group mentioned with the specific condition/restriction (kept out of woods/habitat).

📝 Question 22:

...to certain areas of the country.

🔹 Correct Answer: A. trees
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The reintroduction "marries well with the aim of bringing forests back to parts of our bare and barren uplands." The lynx requires "deep cover," and the goal is to bring back trees (forests) to those areas.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using a word like "forests" if the question requires a plural noun, which trees satisfies, given the context of re-establishing forests.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "bringing forests back to parts of our bare and barren uplands" points to the need for trees in those areas.

QUESTIONS 23-26 (Passage 2: Rewilding) - Yes/No/Not Given

📝 Question 23:

Britain could become the first European country to reintroduce the lynx.

🔹 Correct Answer: NO
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage explicitly states: "The lynx has now been reintroduced to the Jura Mountains, the Alps, the Vosges in eastern France and the Harz mountains in Germany, and has re-established itself in many more places." This list of successful reintroductions proves Britain would not be the first.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Missing the explicit evidence of reintroduction elsewhere in Europe.
⭐ Key Learning Point: A list of other countries that have successfully done something is a direct contradiction to the claim of being the first.

📝 Question 24:

The large growth in the European lynx population since 1970 has exceeded conservationists’ expectations.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text mentions the population "has tripled since 1970 to roughly 10,000." However, it never states what the conservationists expected the population to be. Therefore, we cannot compare the actual growth to the expected growth.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Seeing the large number and assuming it exceeded expectations. The information about the *expectations* is missing.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The criteria for comparison (conservationists’ expectations) is absent, making the answer NOT GIVEN.

📝 Question 25:

Changes in agricultural practices have extended the habitat of the lynx in Europe.

🔹 Correct Answer: YES
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states the lynx "has been able to spread as farming has left the hills." Farming leaving the hills is a change in agricultural practice. The resulting ability to "spread" implies an extension of its habitat.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Missing the cause-and-effect relationship between "farming has left the hills" and the animals "spread[ing]."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The word "spread" is the key synonym for extended the habitat.

📝 Question 26:

It has become apparent that species reintroduction has commercial advantages.

🔹 Correct Answer: YES
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage says people "discover that it is more lucrative to protect charismatic wildlife than to hunt it, as tourists will pay for the chance to see it." "More lucrative" (more profitable) and tourists paying are clear commercial advantages.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the environmental/conservation purpose with the resulting economic benefit.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for financial terms like "lucrative" and actions like "tourists will pay" to confirm commercial advantages.

QUESTIONS 27-33 (Passage 3: Corporate Boards) - Matching Headings

📝 Question 27:

Paragraph A

🔹 Correct Answer: iv. Many external bodies being held responsible for problems
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph A
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph discusses the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis where "blame has been spread far and wide. Governments, regulators, central banks and auditors have all been in the frame." The long list confirms that many external bodies were blamed.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing only on the financial crisis itself instead of the resulting action (blame/responsibility).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the enumeration of different groups who have faced criticism or blame.

📝 Question 28:

Paragraph B

🔹 Correct Answer: ii. The impact on companies of being subjected to close examination
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph states the result: "The knock-on effect of this scrutiny has been to make the governance of companies... an issue of intense public debate and has significantly increased the pressures on, and the responsibilities of, directors." Increased pressure is the impact of close examination (scrutiny).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing only on the increased workload and missing the cause (scrutiny/examination).
⭐ Key Learning Point: The synonym link is: scrutiny (close examination) causes pressures (impact).

📝 Question 29:

Paragraph C

🔹 Correct Answer: vi. A risk that not all directors take part in solving major problems
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text warns that using committees "can mean that the board as a whole is less involved in fully addressing some of the most important issues." Being less involved means the risk that directors are not fully taking part in solving problems.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing on the positive aspect (efficiency) and missing the drawback/risk.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "less involved in fully addressing" is the key synonym for the risk of directors not taking part.

📝 Question 30:

Paragraph D

🔹 Correct Answer: viii. A proposal to change the way the board operates
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph D
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph introduces "A radical solution... is the professional board, whose members would work up to three or four days a week, supported by their own dedicated staff and advisers." This is a proposal to change the way the board operates (from part-time to professional).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing only on the old problem (lack of information) and missing the proposed radical solution.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The words "radical solution" and "professional board" indicate a major change proposal.

📝 Question 31:

Paragraph E

🔹 Correct Answer: vii. Boards not looking far enough ahead
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph E
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The main criticism is that boards "do not focus sufficiently on longer-term matters of strategy, sustainability and governance, but instead concentrate too much on short-term financial metrics." Ignoring long-term matters means they are not looking far enough ahead.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing only on the short-term *metrics* and missing the *criticism* that they ignore the long-term.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The core of the criticism lies in the explicit contrast between longer-term and short-term issues.

📝 Question 32:

Paragraph F

🔹 Correct Answer: i. Disputes over financial arrangements regarding senior managers
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph F
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph discusses "Compensation for chief executives" which has become a "combat zone where pitched battles between investors, management and board members are fought." Compensation is a financial arrangement for senior managers (CEOs), and battles are disputes.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Missing the strong synonyms: "compensation" = "financial arrangements"; "combat zone" = "disputes."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The focus on CEO compensation and the word "combat zone" are the clear indicators.

📝 Question 33:

Paragraph G

🔹 Correct Answer: iii. The possible need for fundamental change in every area of business
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph G
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The debate has questioned "the morality of capitalism and the market economy." The writer concludes that boards "in all sectors will need to widen their perspective" and this "may involve a realignment of corporate goals." This fundamental questioning and necessary realignment across all sectors suggests a need for fundamental change in every area of business.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing only on ethics and missing the broader realignment of goals.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrases "all sectors" (every area of business) and "realignment of corporate goals" (fundamental change) are the key.

QUESTIONS 34-37 (Passage 3: Corporate Boards) - Yes/No/Not Given

📝 Question 34:

Close scrutiny of the behavior of boards has increased since the economic downturn.

🔹 Correct Answer: YES
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage begins by noting the "search for explanations in the many post-mortems of the crisis" (economic downturn) and then states the result is "intense public debate" and significantly increased pressures on directors, confirming increased scrutiny.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Not linking the 'post-mortems of the crisis' to the 'economic downturn.'
⭐ Key Learning Point: The cause-and-effect relationship (crisis -> increased scrutiny/pressures) confirms the statement is YES.

📝 Question 35:

Banks have been mismanaged to a greater extent than other businesses.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Not mentioned in the text.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text discusses bank failures and mismanagement but never provides a comparison between the extent of mismanagement in banks versus other sectors.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming the answer is YES because banks are the focus of the post-crisis discussion.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The comparative claim ("greater extent than") cannot be verified from the given information.

📝 Question 36:

Board meetings normally continue for as long as necessary to debate matters in full.

🔹 Correct Answer: NO
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states: "Agendas can become overloaded and this can mean the time for constructive debate must necessarily be restricted in favour of getting through the business." Restricted time means they cannot debate matters in full, contradicting the statement.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Missing the negative consequence (time restriction) of the overloaded agenda.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "time for... debate must necessarily be restricted" is the clear contradiction.

📝 Question 37:

Using a committee structure would ensure that board members are fully informed about significant issues.

🔹 Correct Answer: NO
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph states that committees "can mean that the board as a whole is less involved in fully addressing some of the most important issues." Being less involved in fully addressing is the opposite of being fully informed, therefore contradicting the statement.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Being misled by the benefit mentioned (efficiency) and ignoring the drawback/risk.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The core contradiction is between "ensure... fully informed" and "less involved in fully addressing."

QUESTIONS 38-40 (Passage 3: Corporate Boards) - Sentence Completion

📝 Question 38:

Before 2008, non-executive directors were at a disadvantage because of their lack of ....

🔹 Correct Answer: information
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph D
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states that non-executive directors "lacked" the information necessary to comprehend the business complexities (in banks) before the crash.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using a word like "knowledge" (which is implied but not explicitly used in the 'lack' clause) or "executives."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The direct phrase "non-executive directors lacked" is the clue for the missing noun: information.

📝 Question 39:

Boards tend to place too much emphasis on .... considerations that are only of short-term relevance.

🔹 Correct Answer: financial
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph E
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The criticism is that they "concentrate too much on short-term financial metrics." The key adjective describing the metrics/considerations is financial.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "metrics" or "short-term."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The emphasis is on financial considerations, as opposed to strategic/sustainability matters.

📝 Question 40:

On certain matters, such as pay, the board may have to accept the views of ....

🔹 Correct Answer: shareholders/investors
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph F
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states that shareholders "use their muscle in the area of pay to pressure boards to remove underperforming chief executives." Pressuring the board means the board must accept their views/demands.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "management" or "chief executives."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The key action is "pressure boards" on pay, which is done by the shareholders/investors.