تحلیل ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک کمبریج 17 - تست 2: بررسی سوالات، نکات کلیدی و استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی

مقدمه: 

بخش ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک یکی از مهارت‌های حیاتی در آزمون آیلتس است که نیازمند درک سریع و دقیق متون علمی، مدیریت زمان و تسلط بر انواع سوالات می‌باشد. در این مقاله، تحلیل تست ۲ ریدینگ از کتاب آیلتس کمبریج ۱۷ (Cambridge IELTS 17) را ارائه می‌دهیم. هدف ما بررسی ساختار متن‌ها، استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی و نکات کلیدی برای کمک به داوطلبان در کسب نمره بهتر در این بخش است. این تست شامل سه متن آکادمیک است که به ترتیب سطح دشواری آن‌ها افزایش می‌یابد. داوطلبان باید با انواع سوالات مانند True/False/Not Given، Matching Headings، Multiple Choice و Summary Completion آشنا باشند و استراتژی‌های مناسبی برای هر نوع سوال اتخاذ کنند. در این مقاله، به بررسی نکات کلیدی متن‌ها، تحلیل دقیق سوالات، شناسایی اشتباهات رایج و ارائه روش‌های بهینه برای بهبود سرعت و دقت در پاسخ‌دهی خواهیم پرداخت. با مطالعه این راهنما، می‌توانید نقاط ضعف خود را تقویت کرده و عملکرد بهتری در بخش ریدینگ آیلتس داشته باشید. 

برای دیدن بقیه‌ی تحلیل‌ها به لینک زیر بروید:

پالت ناوبری سوالات

QUESTIONS 1-5 (Passage 1: The Dead Sea Scrolls)

📝 Question 1:

One of these young shepherds tossed a .... into an opening on the side of a cliff...

🔹 Correct Answer: Rock
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states, "One of these young shepherds tossed a rock into an opening on the side of a cliff and was surprised to hear a shattering sound." The word "tossed" is the key verb.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Overlooking the initial action that led to the discovery.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay attention to the first action described in a narrative section.

📝 Question 2:

He and his companions later entered the .... and stumbled across a collection of large clay jars...

🔹 Correct Answer: Cave
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text says, "He and his companions later entered the cave and stumbled across a collection of large clay jars, seven of which contained scrolls with writing on them." The shepherds entered the place of the sound.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing on the word "jars" instead of the location.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for a location noun following the verb "entered."

📝 Question 3:

... stumbled across a collection of large .... jars, seven of which contained scrolls with writing on them.

🔹 Correct Answer: Clay
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The description of the containers is "large clay jars." The word "clay" describes the material of the jars.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Missing the descriptive adjective before "jars."
⭐ Key Learning Point: Questions often test attention to adjectives or descriptive nouns.

📝 Question 4:

The people who wrote the scrolls are thought to have belonged to a group called the ....

🔹 Correct Answer: Essenes
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage explicitly states that the people are "thought to have belonged to a group called the Essenes, a devout Jewish sect."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the group's name with the area name ("Judea").
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the noun that is directly identified as the name of the group.

📝 Question 5:

Most of the texts on the Dead Sea Scrolls are in the .... language.

🔹 Correct Answer: Hebrew
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text confirms that "The majority of the texts on the Dead Sea Scrolls are in Hebrew, with some fragments written in an ancient version of its alphabet..."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Mentioning the "ancient version of its alphabet" instead of the main language.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The word "majority" is the key to identifying the correct language.

QUESTIONS 6-13 (Passage 1: The Dead Sea Scrolls)

📝 Question 6:

The Bedouin teenagers were unhappy with the amount of money they received for the seven original scrolls.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage states the teenagers "sold for a small sum" to a dealer. However, there is no mention of their *feelings* (whether they were happy or unhappy) about the price.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Inferring unhappiness from the phrase "small sum." No emotion is stated.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The answer is NOT GIVEN if the opinion or emotional detail is missing, even if the fact (the sale) is present.

📝 Question 7:

Scholars are no longer discussing who the original writers of the Dead Sea Scrolls were.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states the scrolls' origin "is still the subject of scholarly debate even today." This directly contradicts the statement that scholars are "no longer discussing" it.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Misreading "scholarly debate" as settled fact.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for words that indicate ongoing discussion (e.g., "still," "debate," "controversy") to prove the statement is FALSE.

📝 Question 8:

Most of the Bible books on the scrolls are only partly complete.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage says the scrolls "include fragments from every book of the Old Testament of the Bible except for the Book of Esther. The only entire book... is Isaiah." Since only one is entire and the rest are "fragments," most are incomplete.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Not recognizing that "fragments" means "partly complete."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The contrast between "fragments" and "The only entire book" confirms this is TRUE.

📝 Question 9:

The Copper Scroll features unusual writing characteristics.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The Copper Scroll is described as "featuring letters chiselled onto metal" and using "an unconventional vocabulary and odd spelling." Both points confirm the writing has unusual characteristics.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing only on the content (treasure map) and ignoring the description of the script/material.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Synonyms for "unusual" include "unconventional" and "odd."

📝 Question 10:

Mar Samuel was given four of the seven original scrolls as a gift.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text clearly states Mar Samuel "acquired... paying less than $100 for them." This means he purchased (bought) them, which contradicts being given them as a "gift."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing "acquired" with "received." The price paid is the crucial detail.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The mention of a monetary value confirms a transaction, not a gift.

📝 Question 11:

Mar Samuel eventually managed to sell the scrolls to a US university.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text mentions he "travelled to the United States and unsuccessfully offered them to a number of universities, including Yale." This directly contradicts the statement that he "managed to sell" them to a US university.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Seeing the words "United States" and "universities" and assuming a successful sale.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The adverb "unsuccessfully" is the key to proving this statement is FALSE.

📝 Question 12:

The scroll deciphered in 2017 contains information about annual occasions in the Qumran area 2,000 years ago.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states the scroll "provides insight into... the 364-day calendar they would have used" and "details two yearly religious events." A calendar and yearly events are information about "annual occasions."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Getting lost in the names of the researchers or the university.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for numerical details like "364-day calendar" and "yearly religious events" that confirm "annual occasions."

📝 Question 13:

Academics at the University of Haifa are currently researching how to decipher the last remaining untranslated scroll.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage only states, "Only one more known scroll remains untranslated." It does not mention who is researching it, or if the University of Haifa is involved in this specific remaining scroll.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming the Haifa team is working on the last one because they worked on the previous one.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Do not assume a continuation of action; the link between the subject (Haifa academics) and the action (researching the last scroll) is missing.

QUESTIONS 14-18 (Passage 2: The Re-domestication of the Tomato)

📝 Question 14:

a reference to a type of tomato that can resist a dangerous infection.

🔹 Correct Answer: C
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph C mentions a Chinese team created a strain of tomato "resistant to a common disease called bacterial spot race, which can devastate yields." This is a clear reference to a tomato that can resist a dangerous infection.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing this with the salt-tolerant strain mentioned later in the same paragraph.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for synonyms of "resist" such as "resistant to" and names of diseases/infections.

📝 Question 15:

an explanation of how problems can arise from focusing only on a certain type of tomato plant.

🔹 Correct Answer: B
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph B explains that focusing on single mutations leads to "much genetic diversity is lost," and that this results in "less desirable traits," giving the example that "tomato strains grown for supermarkets have lost much of their flavour." This explains the problem.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Looking for a negative word like "problem" and missing the analytical explanation.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The core idea is that loss of genetic diversity leads to the problem.

📝 Question 16:

a number of examples of plants that are not cultivated at present but could be useful as food sources.

🔹 Correct Answer: E
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph E
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph E provides specific examples of uncultivated plants: "The three teams already have their eye on other plants that could be ‘catapulted into the mainstream’, including foxtail, oat-grass and cowpea."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Only looking for the word "plant" and missing the list of multiple examples.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "a number of examples" requires a list of items to satisfy the question.

📝 Question 17:

a comparison between the early domestication of the tomato and more recent research.

🔹 Correct Answer: A
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph A
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph A opens with a direct comparison: "It took at least 3,000 years for humans to learn how to domesticate... Now two separate teams... have done it all over again in less than three years." This contrasts the historical time with the recent speed.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Not recognizing that the contrast in timeframes constitutes a comparison.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The key to this matching question is finding the contrast in time (3,000 years vs. 3 years).

📝 Question 18:

a personal reaction to the flavor of a tomato that has been genetically edited.

🔹 Correct Answer: C
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph C contains a direct quote: "‘They are quite tasty,’ says Kudla. ‘A little bit strong. And very aromatic.’" This is a personal, sensory reaction to the flavor.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the description of the flavor with the technical details of the editing.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for descriptive, subjective words (e.g., "tasty," "aromatic") combined with a person's name.

QUESTIONS 19-23 (Passage 2: The Re-domestication of the Tomato)

📝 Question 19:

Domestication of certain plants could allow them to adapt to future environmental challenges.

🔹 Correct Answer: B
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph E (Caixia Gao quote).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Caixia Gao says, "By choosing wild plants that are drought or heat tolerant... we could create crops that will thrive even as the planet warms." This directly supports the idea of adapting to future environmental challenges.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing on the specific challenges (drought/heat) and missing the overall point about adaptation.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The words "tolerant," "thrive," and "planet warms" are strong indicators of this theme.

📝 Question 20:

The idea of growing and eating unusual plants may not be accepted on a large scale.

🔹 Correct Answer: D
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph E (Jonathan Jones quote).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Jonathan Jones says it "will be hard for new foods to grow so popular with farmers and consumers that they become new staple crops, he thinks." "Hard to grow so popular" implies not accepted on a large scale.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the ease of *creating* the food with the difficulty of its *acceptance*.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for language that expresses difficulty or doubt (e.g., "hard," "skepticism") regarding widespread adoption.

📝 Question 21:

It is not advisable for the future direction of certain research to be made public.

🔹 Correct Answer: A
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph E (Jorg Kudla quote).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Kudla "didn’t want to reveal which species were in his team’s sights, because CRISPR has made the process so easy." This shows a deliberate choice to not make the research direction public.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing this with the cost issues in paragraph D.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "didn’t want to reveal" directly supports "not advisable to be made public."

📝 Question 22:

Present efforts to domesticate one wild fruit are limited by the costs involved.

🔹 Correct Answer: C
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph D (Groundcherry example).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Van Eck says, "taking the work further would be expensive because of the need to pay for a licence for the CRISPR technology and get regulatory approval." This explicitly links the limitation of the work to cost.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Missing the "expensive" and "licence/regulatory approval" keywords.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The words "limited" and "costs" point directly to this paragraph.

📝 Question 23:

Humans only make use of a small proportion of the plant food available on Earth.

🔹 Correct Answer: A
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B (Jorg Kudla quote).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Kudla states: "‘There are 50,000 edible plants in the world, but 90 percent of our energy comes from just 15 crops.’" The numerical contrast highlights that only a small proportion is used.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Reading A and B together. A is the only paragraph with figures to support the "small proportion" claim.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for statistics or proportions (like 50,000 vs 15) to answer questions about quantity/proportion.

QUESTIONS 24-26 (Passage 2: The Re-domestication of the Tomato)

📝 Question 24:

An undesirable trait such as loss of .... may be caused by a mutation in a tomato gene.

🔹 Correct Answer: Flavor
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph B states: "the tomato strains grown for supermarkets have lost much of their flavour." This is an example of an undesirable trait caused by the traditional breeding process (selecting for one trait, losing another).
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question asks for the *undesirable trait* that was lost, not the desirable trait that was kept.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the noun that follows "loss of" or its synonyms in the context of breeding downsides.

📝 Question 25:

By modifying one gene in a tomato plant, researchers made the tomato three times its original ....

🔹 Correct Answer: Size
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph C describes Kudla's work: "For instance, they tripled the size of fruit by editing a gene called FRUIT WEIGHT..." "Tripled the size" means three times its original size.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Giving the name of the gene ("FRUIT WEIGHT") or the number of tomatoes per truss.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Match the word "tripled" with the property that was increased ("size").

📝 Question 26:

A type of tomato which was not badly affected by .... , and was rich in vitamin C, was produced by a team of researchers in China.

🔹 Correct Answer: Salt
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph C mentions the Chinese team "also created another strain that is more salt tolerant – and has higher levels of vitamin C." "Salt tolerant" means "not badly affected by salt."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Giving the other achievement: "bacterial spot race" (a disease, not a substance it is tolerant to in the same list).
⭐ Key Learning Point: The structure "not badly affected by X, and was rich in Y" requires matching the "X" (salt) and "Y" (vitamin C) elements.

QUESTIONS 27-31 (Passage 3: The True Origins of Creative Behavior)

📝 Question 27:

The purpose of the first paragraph is to

🔹 Correct Answer: D. outline a common assumption.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1 (First sentence).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph begins: "Scientific discovery is popularly believed to result from the sheer genius..." This phrase clearly introduces a widespread, common assumption about discovery, which the rest of the text will challenge.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option B, which is the *authors'* view, not the common one being introduced.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Introductory paragraphs often set up the topic by stating the conventional (popular) view before presenting the author's argument.

📝 Question 28:

What are the writers doing in the second paragraph?

🔹 Correct Answer: A. criticising an opinion
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2 (Second sentence).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Following the popular belief (Question 27), the authors state: "However, we believe that it largely misrepresents the real nature of scientific discovery..." This directly criticizes and rejects the common opinion outlined in the first paragraph.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Mistaking this criticism for merely summarizing a debate.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The transition word "However" often signals a shift from an accepted view to the author's critical stance.

📝 Question 29:

In the third paragraph, what do the writers suggest about Darwin and Einstein?

🔹 Correct Answer: A. They represent an exception to a general rule.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3 (First sentence).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph says: "Setting aside such greats as Darwin and Einstein... we suggest that innovation is more a process of trial and error." By setting them aside, the authors imply they are special cases (exceptions) to their general rule (trial and error).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing only on the praise ("monumental contributions") and missing the purpose of mentioning them.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "setting aside" or "apart from" suggests that the following statement applies to everyone else.

📝 Question 30:

John Nicholson is an example of a person whose idea

🔹 Correct Answer: C. laid the foundations for someone else’s breakthrough.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4 (Last sentence).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states: "Nicholson also proposed a novel theory... Niels Bohr... jumped off from this interesting idea to conceive his now-famous model of the atom." Nicholson's idea, though flawed, served as the starting point (foundation) for Bohr's discovery.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option B: his theory was incorrect ("was wrong about the presence of proto-elements").
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "jumped off from this interesting idea" is idiomatic language for building on a foundation.

📝 Question 31:

What is the key point of interest about the ‘acey-deucy’ stirrup placement?

🔹 Correct Answer: A. the simple reason why it was invented
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5 (The last three sentences).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The author contrasts it with planning: "Had Westrope conducted methodical investigations... No. He suffered a leg injury... His modification just happened to coincide with enhanced performance." The simple, unintended reason (leg injury) is the point of interest.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option B is true, but A is the *reason* the reviewer is using this example (the coincidence, not the benefit).
⭐ Key Learning Point: The author's rhetorical question ("Had he conducted methodical investigations?") and the word "No" highlight the simple, accidental cause.

QUESTIONS 32-36 (Passage 3: The True Origins of Creative Behavior)

📝 Question 32:

Acknowledging people such as Plato or da Vinci as geniuses will help us understand the process by which great minds create new ideas.

🔹 Correct Answer: NO
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 8
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states that "The notions of insight, creativity and genius... merely label rather than explain the evolution of human innovations." Attributing ideas to "genius" is, therefore, not helpful for understanding the process.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming "genius" is a positive, explanatory term.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The core argument of the essay is that "genius" is a label, not an explanation.

📝 Question 33:

The Law of Effect was discovered at a time when psychologists were seeking a scientific reason why creativity occurs.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage mentions that the Law of Effect "was advanced by psychologist Edward Thorndike in 1898." It gives the date and person, but does not state the specific motivation or purpose of psychologists at that time (i.e., whether they were seeking the reason for creativity).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Linking the general theme of the article (creativity) to the discovery of the Law of Effect.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The specific reason or goal of the researchers is a detail not provided in the text.

📝 Question 34:

The Law of Effect states that no planning is involved in the behavior of organisms.

🔹 Correct Answer: YES
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage states the law "involves an entirely mechanical process of variation and selection, without any end objective in sight." A mechanical process without an objective means that deliberate planning is not involved.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the process (variation and selection) with the mechanism of planning.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The description "entirely mechanical" and "without any end objective" confirms the lack of planning.

📝 Question 35:

The Law of Effect sets out clear explanations about the sources of new ideas and behaviors.

🔹 Correct Answer: NO
📍 Location in Passage: Final paragraph
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The authors conclude that "the provenance of the raw material on which the Law of Effect operates is not as clearly known..." The "raw material" is the source of new ideas. Thus, the law does not set out clear explanations about the source.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Believing the law explains everything because it explains *selection*.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "not as clearly known" is a direct contradiction of "sets out clear explanations."

📝 Question 36:

Many scientists are now turning away from the notion of intelligent design and genius.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Final paragraph
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The authors state their opinion: "The time seems right for abandoning the naïve notion of intelligent design and genius..." However, this is the authors' recommendation, not a statement of fact about what "many scientists" are currently doing.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Accepting the authors' recommendation as a widespread movement.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Be careful not to confuse the authors' view/suggestion with a confirmed fact about a large group of people ("many scientists").

QUESTIONS 37-40 (Passage 3: The True Origins of Creative Behavior)

📝 Question 37:

The traditional view of scientific discovery is that breakthroughs happen when a single great mind has sudden 37….

🔹 Correct Answer: F (Inspiration)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage describes the conventional view that "Conventional wisdom also places great weight on insight... as if ideas spontaneously pop into someone’s head." "Insight" and "spontaneous ideas" are the core concepts of inspiration.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "genius" (already mentioned as the mind) or "trial and error" (the authors' view).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the synonym for "sudden insight" in the options.

📝 Question 38:

In some cases, this process involves 38…. , such as Nicholson’s theory about proto-elements.

🔹 Correct Answer: D (Mistakes)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Nicholson is mentioned for his "fanciful theories and wild speculations," and the author explicitly states he "was wrong about the presence of proto-elements." His mistake led to Bohr's idea, thus the process involved mistakes.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "foundation" or "error" if they were not in the list (Mistakes is the best fit from the list).
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "Nicholson was wrong" confirms that error/mistakes were the driving force.

📝 Question 39:

There is also often an element of 39… , for example, the coincidence of ideas that led to the invention of the Post-It note.

🔹 Correct Answer: E (Luck)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The Post-It note is described as arising from "pure serendipity – a happy accident." Both "serendipity" and "happy accident" are synonyms for luck or fortunate chance.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The Post-It note is the second example; the first (Westrope) also involves luck/coincidence.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "pure serendipity – a happy accident" is the core evidence for the answer Luck.

📝 Question 40:

With both the Law of Natural Selection and the Law of Effect, there may be no clear 40 … involved, but merely a process of variation and selection.

🔹 Correct Answer: B (Goals)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text compares both laws, stating that the Law of Effect is "without any end objective in sight." The closest synonym for "end objective" in the list is Goals.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The text mentions "selection" and "variation," but the missing word is the purpose of the process.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The term "end objective" is the crucial phrase to match with Goals.