تحلیل ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک کمبریج 15 - تست 4: بررسی سوالات، نکات کلیدی و استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی

مقدمه: 

بخش ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک یکی از مهارت‌های حیاتی در آزمون آیلتس است که نیازمند درک سریع و دقیق متون علمی، مدیریت زمان و تسلط بر انواع سوالات می‌باشد. در این مقاله، تحلیل تست ۴ ریدینگ از کتاب آیلتس کمبریج ۱۵ (Cambridge IELTS 15) را ارائه می‌دهیم. هدف ما بررسی ساختار متن‌ها، استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی و نکات کلیدی برای کمک به داوطلبان در کسب نمره بهتر در این بخش است. این تست شامل سه متن آکادمیک است که به ترتیب سطح دشواری آن‌ها افزایش می‌یابد. داوطلبان باید با انواع سوالات مانند True/False/Not Given، Matching Headings، Multiple Choice و Summary Completion آشنا باشند و استراتژی‌های مناسبی برای هر نوع سوال اتخاذ کنند. در این مقاله، به بررسی نکات کلیدی متن‌ها، تحلیل دقیق سوالات، شناسایی اشتباهات رایج و ارائه روش‌های بهینه برای بهبود سرعت و دقت در پاسخ‌دهی خواهیم پرداخت. با مطالعه این راهنما، می‌توانید نقاط ضعف خود را تقویت کرده و عملکرد بهتری در بخش ریدینگ آیلتس داشته باشید. 

برای دیدن بقیه‌ی تحلیل‌ها به لینک زیر بروید:

پالت ناوبری سوالات

QUESTIONS 1-5 (Passage 1: The Huarango Tree)

📝 Question 1:

The tree can access 1.... deep below the surface.

🔹 Correct Answer: Water
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The huarango's long roots "suck up water for the tree" and bring it to the subsoil, creating a water source for other plants.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The resource being accessed is clearly stated.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The tree is noted for reaching deep Water sources.

📝 Question 2:

The huarango tree was a crucial part of local inhabitants' 2....

🔹 Correct Answer: Diet
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage explicitly states that the huarango "was key to the ancient people’s diet."
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The role in ancient people's lives is clearly defined as relating to their diet.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The main role in the inhabitants' lives was related to their Diet.

📝 Question 3:

The tree helped people survive long periods of 3....

🔹 Correct Answer: Drought
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The tree "allowed local people to withstand years of drought when their other crops failed."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "crops" (the failure). The specific environmental condition is required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The huarango helped people survive the lack of water, or Drought.

📝 Question 4:

Huarango roots prevent 4.... of the soil.

🔹 Correct Answer: Erosion
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states: "cutting down native woodland leads to erosion, as there is nothing to keep the soil in place." This means the huarangos prevent erosion.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The destructive process prevented by the trees is clearly stated.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The role of the trees is to prevent Erosion of the soil.

📝 Question 5:

When the trees are gone, the land becomes a 5....

🔹 Correct Answer: Desert
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The consequence is explicitly given: "when the huarangos go, the land turns into a desert."
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The outcome of cutting down the huarangos is stated.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The lack of huarangos leads to the formation of a Desert.

QUESTIONS 6-8 (Passage 1: The Huarango Tree)

📝 Question 6:

The 6.... were used for fuel.

🔹 Correct Answer: Branches
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage lists the usage: "its branches were used for charcoal for cooking and heating." Charcoal is a form of fuel.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "charcoal" or "fuel" (which is the use). The part of the tree is required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The part of the tree used for fuel is the Branches.

📝 Question 7:

The 7.... were used for medicine.

🔹 Correct Answer: Leaves and bark
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The description of medicinal use is: "its leaves and bark were used for herbal remedies."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "herbal remedies" (the purpose). Both parts of the tree must be listed.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The two parts of the tree used for medicine are the Leaves and bark.

📝 Question 8:

The 8.... was used for construction.

🔹 Correct Answer: Trunk
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage says: "its trunk was used to build houses." Building houses is a form of construction.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "houses" (the object built). The part of the tree is required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The main part of the tree used for construction is the Trunk.

QUESTIONS 9-13 (Passage 1: The Huarango Tree)

📝 Question 9:

Local families have told Whaley about some traditional uses of huarango products.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage mentions Whaley working with local families to create income from huarango products (syrup, flour, coffee), but it does not state that the families *informed* him about *traditional* uses.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming collaboration implies knowledge transfer.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The specific detail about the source of the traditional knowledge is absent.

📝 Question 10:

Farmer Alberto Benevides is now making a good profit from growing huarangos.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states Benevides’ farm "is relatively small and doesn’t yet provide him with enough to live on." This clearly indicates he is not currently making a good profit.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming the hope for future growth means he is successful now.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "doesn’t yet provide him with enough to live on" is the definitive evidence for FALSE.

📝 Question 11:

Whaley needs the cooperation of farmers to help preserve the area’s wildlife.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Large farms cut the forests, breaking up wildlife corridors. Whaley is "persuading farmers to let him plant forest corridors on their land" to counteract this. This requires the cooperation of farmers to preserve the wildlife.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. Persuading farmers to plant on their land is a direct requirement of cooperation.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The act of "persuading farmers to let him plant" confirms the need for cooperation.

📝 Question 12:

For Whaley’s project to succeed, it needs to be extended over a very large area.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Whaley states: "Life has always been confined to corridors and islands here. If you just have a few trees left, the population can grow up quickly..." This suggests that a very large area is not necessary for success.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The focus on "corridors and islands" and "few trees" contradicts the need for a "very large area."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The statement about corridors and islands confirms the project does not require vast territorial expansion.

📝 Question 13:

Whaley has plans to go to Africa to set up a similar project.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The project is seen as a model that could be implemented "globally... perhaps in Africa." However, there is no mention that Whaley himself has concrete plans to go there and set up a project.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the *potential* for the project with Whaley's *personal plans*.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The information about Whaley's personal plans is absent.

QUESTIONS 14-19 (Passage 2: The Language of the Whistle)

📝 Question 14:

La Gomera is the most mountainous of all the Canary Islands.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage describes the island as "mountainous" and having deep ravines, but it does not compare its mountainous nature to the other Canary Islands (a superlative claim).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming "mountainous" means the most mountainous.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The superlative ("most mountainous") is not addressed in the text.

📝 Question 15:

Silbo is only appropriate for short and simple messages.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: While Silbo is used for short commands in daily life, the text states that "any Spanish sentence could be whistled." This confirms it can be used for complex messages, contradicting the idea that it is only for short/simple messages.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing on the daily use ("short commands") and missing the potential complexity ("any Spanish sentence").
⭐ Key Learning Point: The definitive modifier "any Spanish sentence could be whistled" proves the statement FALSE.

📝 Question 16:

In the brain-activity study, silbadores and non-whistlers produced different results.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Silbadores showed activation in the left temporal lobe (spoken language area), while non-whistlers showed activation across various brain areas. These distinct patterns of activation confirm they produced different results.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The different activation areas provide clear evidence.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The contrasting areas of brain activity (left temporal lobe vs. various areas) confirm TRUE.

📝 Question 17:

The Spanish introduced Silbo to the islands in the 15th century.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage states that when the Spanish arrived, the indigenous Canary Islanders already had a whistled language. This means the Spanish did not introduce it.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing only on the Spanish arrival date and missing the prior existence of the language.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The indigenous people "already possessed a whistled language" proves the statement FALSE.

📝 Question 18:

There is precise data available regarding all of the whistle languages in existence today.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states there are "thought to be approximately 70 whistled languages" but that "only 12 have been scientifically documented and researched." This disparity confirms that precise data is not available for all.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The small number of documented languages (12 of 70) is clear evidence.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The large number of languages versus the small number that are documented proves the statement FALSE.

📝 Question 19:

The children of Gomera now learn Silbo.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage explicitly states: "Since 1999, Silbo Gomero has been a compulsory subject in the curriculum of all elementary schools on the island." This means the children now learn it.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The compulsory nature of the subject confirms the learning.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "compulsory subject in the curriculum" confirms TRUE.

QUESTIONS 20-26 (Passage 2: The Language of the Whistle)

📝 Question 20:

The different tones used in Silbo represent individual 20....

🔹 Correct Answer: Words
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Silbo is a substitute for Spanish, with individual words recoded into whistles which have high- and low-frequency tones.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "tones" (the representation) or "whistles" (the medium). The basic unit of language being represented is required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The tones are the representation of Words.

📝 Question 21:

The silbador uses a 21.... to alter the pitch of the whistle.

🔹 Correct Answer: Finger
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: A whistler... puts a finger in his or her mouth to increase the whistle’s pitch.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "pitch" (the result). The body part used is required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The body part used to increase the pitch is the Finger.

📝 Question 22:

A cupped hand is used to adjust the direction of the 22....

🔹 Correct Answer: Sound
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The other hand can be cupped to adjust the direction of the sound.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The element whose direction is adjusted is clearly stated.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The cupped hand is used to direct the Sound.

📝 Question 23:

The whistlers communicate short 23.... in daily life.

🔹 Correct Answer: Commands
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: In daily life they use whistles to communicate short commands, but any Spanish sentence could be whistled.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "Spanish sentence" (the potential, not the daily reality) or "whistles" (the medium). The type of message is required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The short messages communicated daily are Commands.

📝 Question 24:

Silbo is particularly useful for quickly giving warnings about 24....

🔹 Correct Answer: Fires
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Silbo has proved particularly useful when fires have occurred on the island and rapid communication across large areas has been vital.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "rapid communication" (the value). The specific disaster is required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The emergency situation where Silbo is especially useful is related to Fires.

📝 Question 25:

The spread of modern communication 25.... is threatening the survival of Silbo.

🔹 Correct Answer: Technology
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The threat is: But with modern communication technology now widely available, researchers say whistled languages like Silbo are threatened with extinction.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "communication" (the type). The category of the modern threat is required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The modern threat to the language is Technology.

📝 Question 26:

The local authorities are seeking a UNESCO 26.... to help preserve Silbo.

🔹 Correct Answer: Award
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The authorities are trying to get an award from the organization to declare [Silbo Gomero] as something that should be preserved for humanity.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "UNESCO" (the organization). The objective is required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The objective sought from UNESCO for preservation is an Award.

QUESTIONS 27-31 (Passage 3: Corporate Environmental Responsibility)

📝 Question 27:

The environmental practices of businesses may be affected by a lack of 27....

🔹 Correct Answer: Moral standards
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The practices are shaped by a fundamental fact that for many of us offends our sense of justice. This offense to justice suggests a lack of Moral standards (D).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "profit" (the motivation). The philosophical/ethical lack is required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The idea that businesses prioritize profit over justice points to a lack of Moral standards.

📝 Question 28:

The situation may also be affected by a lack of government 28....

🔹 Correct Answer: Control
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The reverse is likely to be true if government regulation is ineffective... Ineffective regulation is synonymous with a lack of Control (E).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "regulation." The lack of effectiveness suggests a problem with control.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The failure of regulation is essentially a failure of Control.

📝 Question 29:

or a lack of public 29.... in environmental issues.

🔹 Correct Answer: Involvement
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The business is likely to be dirty "if the public doesn’t care." A lack of caring is synonymous with a lack of Involvement (F).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "caring." The term "involvement" better captures the action/attention required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The key factors are government regulation and public Involvement.

📝 Question 30:

One example of an environmental problem resulting from businesses aiming for short-term profit is 30....

🔹 Correct Answer: Overfishing
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: One example is given for "fishermen in an unmanaged fishery without quotas" which is Overfishing (H).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "fishermen" (the perpetrators). The specific environmental problem is required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The specific problem in an unmanaged fishery is Overfishing.

📝 Question 31:

Another example is the cutting down of 31.... in tropical rainforests.

🔹 Correct Answer: Trees
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The second example is for "international logging companies with short-term leases on tropical rainforest land." Logging involves cutting down Trees (B).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "rainforests" (the location) or "logging companies" (the perpetrators). The object being cut down is required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The primary consequence of logging is the destruction of Trees.

QUESTIONS 32-34 (Passage 3: Corporate Environmental Responsibility)

📝 Question 32:

The writer suggests that destructive environmental policies

🔹 Correct Answer: C. could be prevented by the action of ordinary people.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The writer states: "In the long run, it is the public, either directly or through its politicians, that has the power to make such destructive policies unprofitable and illegal." The public is the ordinary people with the power to prevent destructive policies.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option A is too narrow (just politicians). The passage emphasizes the ultimate power of the public.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The word "public" is the evidence for the action of ordinary people.

📝 Question 33:

The public can take action to

🔹 Correct Answer: D. influence the environmental policies of businesses and governments.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The list of actions includes: suing businesses, buying sustainable products, pressing for better government laws, and ensuring governments favor green companies. All these actions influence the policies of both businesses and governments.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Options A and B are too narrow; the purpose of the action is broad influence.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The broad range of actions listed confirms the ability to influence both entities.

📝 Question 34:

The case of the meat industry in the UK after the BSE outbreak shows that big business can be pressured when

🔹 Correct Answer: B. A fast-food company forced their meat suppliers to follow the law.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph states: "when a major fast-food company then made the same demands after customer purchases of its hamburgers plummeted, the meat industry complied within weeks." The fast-food company pressured its suppliers to comply with the existing rules (the law).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option C is incorrect; the pressure came from consumer demand/the fast-food company, not the government.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The action of the fast-food company (driven by consumer demand) was the force that caused compliance.

QUESTIONS 35-39 (Passage 3: Corporate Environmental Responsibility)

📝 Question 35:

The writer believes that good environmental practices should be funded by the public.

🔹 Correct Answer: YES
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The writer states: "I also believe that the public must accept the necessity for higher prices for products to cover the added costs, if any, of sound environmental practices." Higher prices paid by the public is a form of funding.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The explicit call for the public to accept higher prices confirms YES.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The willingness to pay "higher prices" is the evidence for public funding.

📝 Question 36:

The writer is careful to define the contrast in moral principles of different businesses.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The writer states: "My conclusion is not a moralistic one about who is right or wrong, admirable or selfish, a good guy or a bad guy." This suggests the writer avoids defining moral contrasts, but it doesn't confirm whether they were careful to define them or not.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The writer's focus is on pragmatism, not moral definition.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The writer's focus on the distinction between right/wrong is NOT GIVEN.

📝 Question 37:

The writer’s main purpose is to distinguish between what is and is not acceptable environmental behaviour.

🔹 Correct Answer: NO
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The writer states their conclusion is "not a moralistic one about who is right or wrong" and is instead about pragmatic influence. Distinguishing acceptable behavior is a moralistic purpose, which the writer denies.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The writer explicitly says their purpose is *not* moralistic/judgmental.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The writer states the conclusion is not a moralistic one, which contradicts the main purpose of judging acceptable behavior.

📝 Question 38:

The public have successfully influenced businesses’ environmental practices in the past.

🔹 Correct Answer: YES
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraphs 4 & 5
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Examples like the Exxon Valdez lawsuit and the BSE case (where consumer demand forced the meat industry to comply) confirm that the public's influence has been successful in the past.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The historical examples prove the success.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The examples of the Exxon Valdez lawsuit and the BSE compliance confirm YES.

📝 Question 39:

Businesses will show greater concern for the environment in the future.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Not stated in the text.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The writer is optimistic about the public's influence in the future, but does not predict whether businesses will *independently* show greater *concern* (a shift in internal morality).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the prediction of better *practices* (due to pressure) with a prediction of better *intentions* (greater concern).
⭐ Key Learning Point: A prediction about a change in the internal motivation/concern of businesses is NOT GIVEN.

QUESTION 40 (Passage 3: Corporate Environmental Responsibility)

📝 Question 40:

The Most Suitable Subheading for Reading Passage 3 is D. Are big businesses to blame for the damage they cause the environment?.

🔹 Correct Answer: Are big businesses to blame for the damage they cause the environment?
📍 Location in Passage: Throughout the passage (especially Paragraphs 1 and 7).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage repeatedly addresses the question of accountability (blame). It presents the argument that businesses prioritize profit (making them look "to blame") but ultimately concludes that the public holds the power to make destructive policies unprofitable, shifting the focus from simple blame to shared responsibility. The central theme of the essay is the exploration of this question of blame and accountability.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Options B and C are too narrow or moralistic. Option D best captures the overarching question and debate explored by the author.
⭐ Key Learning Point: A question subheading often works best when the text explores the various facets of that question (e.g., blame vs. shared responsibility).