تحلیل ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک کمبریج 13 - تست 4: بررسی سوالات، نکات کلیدی و استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی

مقدمه

بخش ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک یکی از مهارت‌های حیاتی در آزمون آیلتس است که نیازمند درک سریع و دقیق متون علمی، مدیریت زمان و تسلط بر انواع سوالات می‌باشد. در این مقاله، تحلیل تست ۴ ریدینگ از کتاب آیلتس کمبریج ۱۳ (Cambridge IELTS 13) را ارائه می‌دهیم. هدف ما بررسی ساختار متن‌ها، استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی و نکات کلیدی برای کمک به داوطلبان در کسب نمره بهتر در این بخش است. این تست شامل سه متن آکادمیک است که به ترتیب سطح دشواری آن‌ها افزایش می‌یابد. داوطلبان باید با انواع سوالات مانند True/False/Not Given، Matching Headings، Multiple Choice و Summary Completion آشنا باشند و استراتژی‌های مناسبی برای هر نوع سوال اتخاذ کنند. در این مقاله، به بررسی نکات کلیدی متن‌ها، تحلیل دقیق سوالات، شناسایی اشتباهات رایج و ارائه روش‌های بهینه برای بهبود سرعت و دقت در پاسخ‌دهی خواهیم پرداخت. با مطالعه این راهنما، می‌توانید نقاط ضعف خود را تقویت کرده و عملکرد بهتری در بخش ریدینگ آیلتس داشته باشید. 

برای دیدن بقیه‌ی تحلیل‌ها به لینک زیر بروید:

پالت ناوبری سوالات 🚀

QUESTIONS 1-8 (Passage 1: Cutty Sark)

📝 Question 1:

Clippers were originally intended to be used as passenger ships.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1 (Introduction to clippers).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states clippers were built to "transport goods" but that some "also took passengers." This means their primary intention was for cargo, not passengers, making the statement FALSE.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming "some also took passengers" means they were originally intended as passenger ships.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The use of "built to transport goods" indicates the original, main intention, while "some also took passengers" refers to a secondary use.

📝 Question 2:

Cutty Sark was given the name of a character in a poem.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1 (Ship's name origin).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The ship was named after the short nightdress (a "cutty sark") that the witch Nannie was wearing, not after the character Nannie herself, making the statement FALSE.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the object (nightdress) with the character (Nannie) who wore it.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Be precise about what the name refers to (the item of clothing, not the wearer).

📝 Question 3:

The contract between John Willis and Scott & Linton favored Willis.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states Willis "ensured that the contract with them put him in a very strong position" and that the firm was later forced out of business. This evidence directly supports the claim that the contract favored Willis.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the language is explicit.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "put him in a very strong position" is a direct synonym for "favored Willis."

📝 Question 4:

John Willis wanted Cutty Sark to be the fastest tea clipper traveling between the UK and China.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Willis's company was in the tea trade where "speed could bring shipowners both profits and prestige," and Cutty Sark was "designed to make the journey more quickly than any other ship." This confirms Willis's desire for the ship to be the fastest tea clipper.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the purpose is clearly defined.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The combination of the tea trade context and the design goal ("more quickly than any other ship") proves the statement TRUE.

📝 Question 5:

Despite storm damage, Cutty Sark beat Thermopylae back to London.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text explicitly states that "Cutty Sark reached London a week after Thermopylae." This outcome contradicts the claim that she beat Thermopylae.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing on the initial lead and not the final result after the damage.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The final result of the race ("reached London a week after") is the critical fact, regardless of the cause (storm damage).

📝 Question 6:

The opening of the Suez Canal meant that steamships could travel between Britain and China faster than clippers.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The Canal benefited steam ships (not sailing ships) and "reduced the journey time between Britain and China by approximately two months." This speed advantage over clippers makes the statement TRUE.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the advantage is clearly stated.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The technological advantage and the specific time saving confirm the relative speed difference.

📝 Question 7:

Steam ships sometimes used the ocean route to travel between London and China.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage discusses the new, faster route via the Suez Canal but never mentions whether steam ships also occasionally used the longer ocean route between London and China. The information is absent.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming they sometimes used the old route if they were designed to be versatile.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The absence of information regarding the alternative route usage means the answer is NOT GIVEN.

📝 Question 8:

Captain Woodget put Cutty Sark at risk of hitting an iceberg.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Woodget took the ship "further south than any previous captain, bringing her dangerously close to icebergs." Being dangerously close to icebergs is synonymous with putting the ship at risk of hitting one.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the phrase "dangerously close" is a direct indicator of risk.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for adverbs like "dangerously" that confirm a risk was taken.

QUESTIONS 9-13 (Passage 1: Cutty Sark)

📝 Question 9:

After 1880, Cutty Sark carried .... as its main cargo during its most successful time.

🔹 Correct Answer: Wool
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The beginning of the most successful period was marked by the ship "transporting wool from Australia to Britain." Wool was the cargo.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "tea," which was the earlier cargo.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The question specifies the period "after 1880", which requires focusing on the wool trade era.

📝 Question 10:

As a captain and ..., Woodget was very skilled.

🔹 Correct Answer: Navigator
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text describes Woodget as an "excellent navigator," which is the role or skill that fits grammatically and logically into the sentence structure.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "captain," which is already listed in the question.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The blank requires a noun describing Woodget's role or skill related to his captaincy.

📝 Question 11:

Ferreira went to Falmouth to repair damage that a ... had caused.

🔹 Correct Answer: Gale
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The ship (then named Ferreira) was "Badly damaged in a gale in 1922" and put into Falmouth for repairs.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "damage" or "seas."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The noun needed is the weather event that caused the damage.

📝 Question 12:

Between 1923 and 1954, Cutty Sark was used for ...

🔹 Correct Answer: Training
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Dowman used Cutty Sark as a "training ship, and she continued in this role after his death." Training is the function she was used for during this period.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "Dowman" or "ship."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The function of a "training ship" is to provide training.

📝 Question 13:

Cutty Sark has twice been damaged by .... in the 21st century.

🔹 Correct Answer: Fire
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The ship "suffered from fire in 2007, and again, less seriously, in 2014." The element that caused the damage is fire.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using the dates 2007 or 2014.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The blank requires the noun that represents the hazard that caused the damage.

QUESTIONS 14-17 (Passage 2: Soil Health)

📝 Question 14:

Healthy soil contains a large variety of bacteria and other microorganisms, as well as plant remains and 14....

🔹 Correct Answer: Minerals
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Healthy soil contains microorganisms "living amid decomposing plants and various minerals." Minerals is the component that completes the list.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "viruses" or "fungi," which are listed under microorganisms.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The blank requires the non-biological component that is part of the soil mix.

📝 Question 15:

It provides us with food and also with antibiotics, and its function in storing 15.... has a significant effect on the climate.

🔹 Correct Answer: Carbon
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states that soil locks in "their carbon content, holding three times the amount of carbon as does the entire atmosphere." Carbon is the element stored that affects the climate.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "atmosphere."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The blank requires the element directly linked to climate change and storage in the soil.

📝 Question 16:

In addition, it prevents damage to property and infrastructure because it holds 16....

🔹 Correct Answer: Water
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The benefit listed is that "Soils also store water, preventing flood damage." Holding water prevents the damage caused by floods.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "flood" or "damage."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The ability to "store water" is the key soil function mentioned to prevent flood damage.

📝 Question 17:

If these microorganisms are lost, soil may lose its special properties. The main factor contributing to soil degradation is the 17.... carried out by humans.

🔹 Correct Answer: Agriculture
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage begins the paragraph by stating: "Agriculture is by far the biggest problem." This is the main human activity contributing to degradation.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "humans" or "problem."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The blank requires the specific human activity that is the "biggest problem."

QUESTIONS 18-21 (Passage 2: Soil Health)

📝 Question 18:

Nutrients contained in the unused parts of harvested crops...

🔹 Correct Answer: C may not be put back into the soil.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text explains: "Humans tend not to return unused parts of harvested crops directly to the soil to enrich it." This directly corresponds to the idea that the nutrients (contained in those parts) may not be put back.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the action is clearly described.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "tend not to return" is a clear synonym for "may not be put back."

📝 Question 19:

Synthetic fertilisers produced with Haber-Bosch process...

🔹 Correct Answer: E may cause damage to different aspects of the environment.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text lists multiple damages: release "polluting nitrous oxide into the atmosphere," release "nitrogen into rivers," and "degrading the soil." This covers different aspects of the environment.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the evidence is a comprehensive list of negative impacts.
⭐ Key Learning Point: A list of multiple damages (air, water, soil) directly proves the damage affects "different aspects of the environment."

📝 Question 20:

Addition of a mixture developed by Pius Floris to the soil...

🔹 Correct Answer: A may improve the number and quality of plants growing there.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Applying Floris's mix resulted in "a good crop of plants" (improved number) that were "healthy at the surface" and "had roots strong enough" (improved quality).
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the results are overwhelmingly positive.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Phrases like "good crop" and descriptions of health/strength confirm both number and quality improvement.

📝 Question 21:

The idea of zero net soil degradation ...

🔹 Correct Answer: D may help governments to be more aware of soil-related issues.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The goal "is an easily understood target that can help shape expectations and encourage action." Encouraging action (e.g., policy, funding) among leaders/governments is a way of making them more aware and proactive.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the goal itself with its intended outcome (encouraging action).
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "encourage action" implies increasing awareness and engagement among relevant bodies (governments).

QUESTIONS 22-26 (Passage 2: Soil Health)

📝 Question 22:

a reference to one person’s motivation for a soil-improvement project

🔹 Correct Answer: E
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph E.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Pius Floris was running a "tree-care business" and started looking for a solution to his "problem" (difficulty growing new trees). His original difficulty in his business motivated his later work on soil.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the quote clearly establishes his motivation from his initial business problem.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The reference to his initial business and the need for a "solution to his problem" points to his motivation.

📝 Question 23:

an explanation of how soil stayed healthy before the development of farming

🔹 Correct Answer: C
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph C states that "In the wild," when plants die and decay, the nutrients "are returned directly to the soil." This is the natural cycle that kept soil healthy before farming disrupted it.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the distinction between "in the wild" and human activity is clear.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "In the wild" is a clear marker for the pre-farming period, and "nutrients are returned" explains the maintenance of health.

📝 Question 24:

examples of different ways of collecting information on soil degradation

🔹 Correct Answer: F
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph F.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The UN project uses a database that can be fed measurements from "field surveys, drone surveys, satellite imagery, lab analyses and so on." This is a clear list of different data collection methods.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the list is explicit.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for a paragraph containing a list of research techniques to find different ways of collecting information.

📝 Question 25:

a suggestion for a way of keeping some types of soil safe in the near future

🔹 Correct Answer: G
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph G.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Researchers are agitating for the immediate creation of "protected zones for endangered soils." This is the suggestion for keeping soil safe.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the suggestion of "protected zones" is explicit.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "protected zones" is the key to identifying the safety measure/suggestion.

📝 Question 26:

a reason why it is difficult to provide an overview of soil degradation

🔹 Correct Answer: F
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph F.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states: "For one thing, there is no agreed international system for classifying soil." This lack of a standardized system is the reason why providing a comprehensive overview is difficult.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the reason is explicitly stated.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "no agreed international system" is the key indicator of a difficulty in creating an overview.

QUESTIONS 27-29 (Passage 3: The Happiness Industry)

📝 Question 27:

What is the reviewer’s attitude to advocates of positive psychology?

🔹 Correct Answer: D They are ignorant about the ideas they should be considering.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The reviewer criticizes advocates for being "oblivious to the vast philosophical literature" and "illiterate in the history of ideas." This language strongly conveys an attitude that they are ignorant of relevant ideas.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the language is highly critical and specific to a lack of knowledge.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Phrases like "oblivious" and "illiterate in the history of ideas" are direct evidence of the reviewer's judgment of their ignorance.

📝 Question 28:

The reviewer refers to the Greek philosopher Aristotle in order to suggest that happiness...

🔹 Correct Answer: A may not be just pleasure and the absence of pain.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The reviewer contrasts Aristotle's view of happiness as "self-realisation" with Bentham's view of mere pleasure/absence of pain. This contrast implies that happiness may be broader than Bentham's limited definition.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option C (has been redefined) is too strong; the reference suggests a *more complex* original definition.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The use of contrast (Aristotle vs. Bentham) suggests that the first concept is more nuanced than the second.

📝 Question 29:

According to Davies, Bentham’s suggestion for linking the price of goods to happiness was significant because...

🔹 Correct Answer: B it established a connection between work and psychology.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Davies states that by associating "money" (work/economics) so closely to "inner experience" (psychology), Bentham "set the stage for the entangling of psychological research and capitalism."
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the quote directly links psychology (inner experience) and work/economics (money/capitalism).
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrasing "entangling of psychological research and capitalism" is the direct evidence of the established connection.

QUESTIONS 30-34 (Passage 3: The Happiness Industry)

📝 Question 30:

In the 1790s he suggested a type of technology to improve 30 .... for different Government departments.

🔹 Correct Answer: Communication
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Bentham suggested linking departments through "conversation tubes," which would improve conversation or communication.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "tubes" or "departments."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The function of "conversation tubes" is to improve communication.

📝 Question 31:

He developed a new way of printing banknotes to increase 31 ....

🔹 Correct Answer: Security
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: He designed a device to produce "unforgeable banknotes," the purpose of which is to increase their security against counterfeiting.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "banknotes" or "printing."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The goal of "unforgeable banknotes" is to improve security.

📝 Question 32:

...and also designed a method for the 32 .... of food.

🔹 Correct Answer: Preservation
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: He drew up plans for a "frigidarium’ to keep provisions such as meat, fish, fruit and vegetables fresh." Keeping food fresh is the definition of preservation.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "freshness."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The function of the "frigidarium" (an early refrigerator) is food preservation.

📝 Question 33:

He also drew up plans for a prison which allowed the 33 .... of prisoners at all times...

🔹 Correct Answer: Observation
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The Panopticon design kept prisoners "visible at all times to the guards." Being visible at all times is equivalent to constant observation.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "visibility" or "guards."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The Panopticon design is famous for its principle of constant observation/surveillance.

📝 Question 34:

When researching happiness, he investigated possibilities for its 34 ..... , and suggested some methods of doing this.

🔹 Correct Answer: Measurement
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states: "If happiness is to be regarded as a science, it has to be measured, and Bentham suggested two ways in which this might be done." The possibility he investigated was for its measurement.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the question directly addresses the concept of measurement.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The need for a science of happiness requires a means of quantification/measurement.

QUESTIONS 35-40 (Passage 3: The Happiness Industry)

📝 Question 35:

One strength of The Happiness Industry is its discussion of the relationship between psychology and economics.

🔹 Correct Answer: YES
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The book is praised for describing how the science of happiness has become "integral to capitalism" (economics) and how "economic problems are being redefined and treated as psychological maladies" (psychology). This confirms the discussion of their relationship.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the book's virtue is explicitly stated.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrases "integral to capitalism" and "psychological maladies" directly prove the statement correct.

📝 Question 36:

It is more difficult to measure some emotions than others.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage discusses the measurement of happiness and inner experience, but it never compares the *difficulty* of measuring different specific emotions (e.g., happiness vs. fear). The information is absent.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the specific comparison is missing.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The comparison of difficulty between different emotions is a detail not provided.

📝 Question 37:

Watson’s ideas on behaviourism were supported by research on humans he carried out before 1915.

🔹 Correct Answer: NO
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states that when Watson became president in 1915, he "had never even studied a single human being: his research had been confined to experiments on white rats." This directly contradicts the claim that he carried out research on humans.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the contradiction is explicit and absolute.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The finding that he "had never even studied a single human being" is a direct refutation.

📝 Question 38:

Watson’s ideas have been most influential on governments outside America.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage mentions the establishment of a Behaviour Insights Team in Britain, but it does not compare the influence of Watson's ideas on governments outside America versus governments inside America.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the comparative element is missing.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The superlative "most influential" requires a comparison that is not provided.

📝 Question 39:

The need for happiness is linked to industrialisation.

🔹 Correct Answer: YES
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states: "Modern industrial societies appear to need the possibility of ever-increasing happiness to motivate them in their labours." This explicitly links the need for happiness to industrial societies (industrialization).
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the link is clearly stated.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The explicit mention of "Modern industrial societies" and the *need* for happiness confirms the link.

📝 Question 40:

A main aim of government should be to increase the happiness of the population.

🔹 Correct Answer: NO
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The reviewer gives a strong critical opinion that "the idea that governments should be responsible for promoting happiness is always a threat to human freedom." This negative assessment means the reviewer believes the idea is wrong and should not be a main aim.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, the statement is clearly an opinion that the reviewer refutes.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "always a threat to human freedom" is a direct refutation of the concept as a positive government aim.