تحلیل ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک کمبریج 12 - تست 2: بررسی سوالات، نکات کلیدی و استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی

مقدمه: 

بخش ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک یکی از مهارت‌های حیاتی در آزمون آیلتس است که نیازمند درک سریع و دقیق متون علمی، مدیریت زمان و تسلط بر انواع سوالات می‌باشد. در این مقاله، تحلیل تست ۲ ریدینگ از کتاب آیلتس کمبریج ۱۲ (Cambridge IELTS 12) را ارائه می‌دهیم. هدف ما بررسی ساختار متن‌ها، استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی و نکات کلیدی برای کمک به داوطلبان در کسب نمره بهتر در این بخش است. این تست شامل سه متن آکادمیک است که به ترتیب سطح دشواری آن‌ها افزایش می‌یابد. داوطلبان باید با انواع سوالات مانند True/False/Not Given، Matching Headings، Multiple Choice و Summary Completion آشنا باشند و استراتژی‌های مناسبی برای هر نوع سوال اتخاذ کنند. در این مقاله، به بررسی نکات کلیدی متن‌ها، تحلیل دقیق سوالات، شناسایی اشتباهات رایج و ارائه روش‌های بهینه برای بهبود سرعت و دقت در پاسخ‌دهی خواهیم پرداخت. با مطالعه این راهنما، می‌توانید نقاط ضعف خود را تقویت کرده و عملکرد بهتری در بخش ریدینگ آیلتس داشته باشید. 

برای دیدن بقیه‌ی تحلیل‌ها به لینک زیر بروید:

پالت ناوبری سوالات

QUESTIONS 1-3 (Passage 1: Food Production)

📝 Question 1:

A reference to characteristics that only apply to food production

🔹 Correct Answer: A
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph A
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph A, in the first sentence, explicitly highlights the "Two things distinguish food production from all other productive activities": the universal need/right to food and its heavy dependence on nature. The word "distinguish" is a strong synonym for "only apply."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Skipping the first sentence, which contains the main idea, and focusing on other details in the paragraph.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for introductory sentences or phrases like "Two things distinguish" that set up the unique characteristics of a topic.

📝 Question 2:

A reference to challenges faced only by farmers in certain parts of the world

🔹 Correct Answer: B
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph B contrasts the risks faced by "Farmers everywhere" with the challenges of "smallholder farmers in developing countries." It states that the latter "must in addition deal with adverse environments," highlighting challenges unique to that group.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing only on the common risks (weather, climate change) and missing the phrase "in addition" and the reference to "developing countries."
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for contrast and comparative language ("in addition," "however") that separates a general group from a specific one.

📝 Question 3:

A reference to difficulties in bringing about co-operation between farmers

🔹 Correct Answer: H
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph H
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph H discusses collective action and then includes a warning: "One commentator, Giel Ton, warned that collective action does not come as a free good. It takes time, effort and money to organise, build trust and to experiment." This directly addresses the difficulties/costs of achieving cooperation.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Only reading the positive aspects of collective action at the beginning of the paragraph and stopping too soon.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When a question asks for "difficulties" or "challenges," look for words like "warned," "takes time, effort, and money," or other negative/limiting statements.

QUESTIONS 4-9 (Passage 1: Food Production)

📝 Question 4:

Financial assistance from the government does not always go to the farmers who most need it.

🔹 Correct Answer: D (Rokeya Kabir)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph E
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Rokeya Kabir states that "sixty percent of beneficiaries of subsidies are not poor, but rich landowners and non-farmer traders." This is a direct expression of the idea that government financial assistance (subsidies) is often misdirected away from those who need it most.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing this with Shenggen Fan's argument in C, which is about *value* of social safety nets, not their *misallocation*.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The use of percentages and words like "not poor, but rich" provides the specific evidence for the misallocation of funds.

📝 Question 5:

Farmers can benefit from collaborating as a group.

🔹 Correct Answer: B (Sophia Murphy)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph H
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Sophia Murphy is quoted as saying that "collective action offers an important way for farmers to strengthen their political and economic bargaining power, and to reduce their business risks." This clearly states the benefits of group collaboration.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question requires finding a commentator's *opinion* on a benefit, not just a *description* of the action.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for language that expresses a positive outcome ("strengthen," "reduce risks") in relation to "collective action" or "cooperation."

📝 Question 6:

Financial assistance from the government can improve the standard of living of farmers.

🔹 Correct Answer: C (Shenggen Fan)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph G
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Shenggen Fan "help up social safety nets and public welfare programmes... as valuable ways to address poverty among farming families and reduce their vulnerability." Social safety nets are a form of government financial assistance, and addressing poverty is synonymous with improving the standard of living.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Linking this to only infrastructure (Nwanze, A) or only price control (Murphy, B). Fan's focus is on direct welfare/poverty reduction.
⭐ Key Learning Point: "Social safety nets" and "address poverty" are key phrases for government welfare/financial assistance improving living standards.

📝 Question 7:

Farmers may be helped if there is financial input by the same individuals who buy from them.

🔹 Correct Answer: G (Sonali Bisht)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph I
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Sonali Bisht mentions "community-supported agriculture, where consumers invest in local farmers by subscription and guarantee producers a fair price." Consumers (who are also the buyers) providing investment (financial input) is the exact mechanism described.
⚠️ Potential Traps: This is a specific model (CSA); look for the unique relationship between "consumers" and "invest."
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the keywords "invest" and "consumers" combined with "guarantee a fair price" (help for farmers).

📝 Question 8:

Governments can help to reduce variation in prices.

🔹 Correct Answer: B (Sophia Murphy)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph D
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Sophia Murphy suggests that "the procurement and holding of stocks by governments can also help mitigate wild swings in food prices." "Mitigate wild swings" is a direct synonym for "reduce variation."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing this with general financial assistance or welfare; this is specifically about price stability.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The keywords "governments," "stocks," and "mitigate wild swings in food prices" point to this answer.

📝 Question 9:

Improvements to infrastructure can have a major impact on risk for farmers.

🔹 Correct Answer: A (Kanayo F. Nwanze)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph D
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Kanayo F. Nwanze argues that governments can "significantly reduce risks for farmers by providing basic services like roads... or water and food storage facilities." Roads and storage are examples of infrastructure improvements.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing on the government's role instead of the specific action (improving infrastructure) and its result (reducing risk).
⭐ Key Learning Point: "Roads" and "storage facilities" are key examples of infrastructure.

QUESTIONS 10 & 11 (Passage 1: Food Production)

📝 Question 10 & 11:

The list below gives some challenges for small-scale farmers in developing countries. Which TWO challenges are mentioned by the writer of the article?

🔹 Correct Answers: D (The effects of changing weather patterns) and E (Having to sell their goods to intermediary buyers)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraphs B, G, and I
🔹 Analysis of the Answer (D): Paragraph B mentions "extreme weather, long-term climate change" as risks for all farmers, and Paragraph G emphasizes that climate change "increases the magnitude and frequency of extreme weather events," which applies to all smallholders.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer (E): Paragraph I explicitly states that "market price volatility is often worsened by the presence of intermediary purchasers who, taking advantage of farmers’ vulnerability, dictate prices." This is a major challenge for smallholders.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option B (lack of knowledge) and C (not having an adequate water supply) are not mentioned as general challenges for *all* smallholders in the article, only adverse natural/human environments.
⭐ Key Learning Point: For "Two-Choice" questions, you must find explicit mention of both concepts in the text.

QUESTIONS 12 & 13 (Passage 1: Food Production)

📝 Question 12 & 13:

The list below gives some Recommended Actions for Improving Farmers' Conditions. Which TWO actions are mentioned by the writer of the article?

🔹 Correct Answers: C (Organizing cooperation between a wide range of interested parties) and D (Encouraging consumers to take a financial stake in farming)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraphs H and I
🔹 Analysis of the Answer (C): Paragraph H quotes Marcel Vernooij and Marcel Beukeboom, suggesting that "all stakeholders, including business, government, scientists and civil society, must work together." This is a recommendation for wide-ranging cooperation.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer (D): Paragraph I discusses "community-supported agriculture, where consumers invest in local farmers." This directly encourages a consumer financial stake.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option B (subsidies) is criticized in the text (Q4), so it's not a positive *recommendation* here. Option A (genetic modification) is not mentioned as a recommended action.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on sections that discuss solutions and suggestions (e.g., "suggested," "worth more attention").

QUESTIONS 14-20 (Passage 2: Hiram Bingham and Machu Picchu)

📝 Question 14:

Paragraph A: (The aim of the trip)

🔹 Correct Answer: iv
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph A
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph A begins with Bingham arriving and states his core goal: "His goal was to locate the remains of a city called Vitcos, the last capital of the Inca civilisation." This clearly defines the aim of the trip.
⚠️ Potential Traps: This is a simple and direct match; don't overthink the introductory paragraph.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for words like "goal," "purpose," or "objective" in the first paragraph of a passage.

📝 Question 15:

Paragraph B: (A new route)

🔹 Correct Answer: vi
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph B highlights Bingham's advantage over previous travelers: "a track had recently been blasted down the valley canyon... Almost all previous travelers had left the river at Ollantaytambo and taken a high pass." The new track is the new route.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing on the reason for the track (rubber) and missing the consequence (it was a new path for explorers).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for contrasting information (Bingham's route vs. previous travelers' route).

📝 Question 16:

Paragraph C: (Bingham's lack of enthusiasm)

🔹 Correct Answer: viii
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph C describes the dull and damp weather, his companions' "no interest," and that Bingham "seems to have been less than keen on the prospect" of climbing the hill. This all shows his lack of initial enthusiasm.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Reading his *later* account in the same paragraph where he describes the view, and missing his *initial* reluctance.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for negative phrases like "no interest" or "less than keen" to confirm a lack of enthusiasm.

📝 Question 17:

Paragraph D: (A dramatic description)

🔹 Correct Answer: v
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph D
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph describes Bingham's ascent in "vivid style," mentioning "deadly snakes," "mounting discovery," and his feeling of being "spellbound." "Vivid style" and "spellbound" clearly relate to a dramatic description.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the *description* in the book with the *reality* of the time (Paragraph E).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for emotive or descriptive language ("vivid," "deadly," "spellbound") that suggests a dramatic account.

📝 Question 18:

Paragraph E: (Different accounts of the same journey)

🔹 Correct Answer: i
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph E
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph E directly contrasts Bingham's "Lost City of the Incas" (a work of hindsight/grandeur) with his "journal entries of the time" (a more gradual appreciation). This is a comparison between two different accounts of the discovery.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Missing the contrast between the later published book and the contemporary journal entries.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the explicit mention of two different written sources (book and journal) about the same event.

📝 Question 19:

Paragraph F: (Bingham publishes his theory)

🔹 Correct Answer: vii
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph F
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph F mentions Bingham returning, realizing he could "make a name for himself," and writing the "National Geographic magazine article" where he presented his "big idea" about the site's origin and end. This is the publication of his theory.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the *publication* of the theory (F) with the *current common belief* (G).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for words related to media and ideas ("National Geographic," "broke the story," "big idea").

📝 Question 20:

Paragraph G: (A common belief)

🔹 Correct Answer: iii
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph G
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph G introduces "An idea which has gained wide acceptance over the past few years"—that Machu Picchu was a royal country estate (moya). "Gained wide acceptance" means it is a common belief.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing Bingham's *old* theory (F) with the *current common* theory (G).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for phrases like "gained wide acceptance" or "most people believe" to identify a common belief.

QUESTIONS 21-24 (Passage 2: Hiram Bingham and Machu Picchu)

📝 Question 21:

Bingham went to South America in search of an Inca city.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph A
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph A explicitly states his goal was "to locate the remains of a city called Vitcos, the last capital of the Inca civilisation." This directly confirms the statement.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Thinking of Machu Picchu only; he was searching for *Vitcos*, but the statement is true for the broader objective.
⭐ Key Learning Point: A TRUE answer means the information is directly stated or logically implied by the text.

📝 Question 22:

Bingham chose a particular route down the Urubamba valley because it was the most common route used by travellers.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage says Bingham's team "had an advantage over travelers who had preceded them: a track had recently been blasted... Almost all previous travelers had left the river at Ollantaytambo and taken a high pass." His route was *different* from the common one.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Missing the contrast. The text explicitly states what *almost all previous travelers* did, which was *not* Bingham's path.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for superlative/absolute words like "most common" and check the text for a contradiction (e.g., "different from," "almost all previous").

📝 Question 23:

Bingham understood the significance of Machu Picchu as soon as he saw it.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph E
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph E states his journal "reveal[s] a much more gradual appreciation of his achievement... At this stage, Bingham didn’t realise the extent or the importance of the site." This directly contradicts the idea of understanding its significance "as soon as" he saw it.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Being misled by the dramatic description in Paragraph D. Paragraph E is the key for the time of realization.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay attention to timing phrases ("as soon as," "gradual," "at this stage").

📝 Question 24:

Bingham returned to Machu Picchu in order to find evidence to support his theory.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Passage does not mention the reason for any return trips.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text mentions him returning and realizing he could make a name for himself and formulating a theory (Paragraph F). It does not state that he returned to the site for the purpose of collecting evidence to prove this theory.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming a logical event occurred. Although he had a theory, his actions to support it are not detailed in this text.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The answer is NOT GIVEN if the text does not contain the necessary information to confirm or contradict the statement.

QUESTIONS 25 & 26 (Passage 2: Hiram Bingham and Machu Picchu)

📝 Question 25:

The track that took Bingham down the Urubamba valley had been created for the transportation of ...

🔹 Correct Answer: rubber
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage says: "a track had recently been blasted down the valley canyon to enable rubber to be brought up by mules from the jungle." The transportation purpose is explicitly stated.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Missing the noun that follows "enable." "Mules" or "jungle" are incorrect as they are not the item being transported.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the noun that represents the cargo when the question asks for the purpose of transportation.

📝 Question 26:

Bingham found out about the ruins of Machu Picchu from a ...

🔹 Correct Answer: farmer
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text mentions that a "local farmer, Melchor Arteaga, had told them about the ruins." The question asks for the person's profession.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using the name "Melchor Arteaga," or an incorrect word like "local" or "companion." The best answer is the profession.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The question asks for "a ...," which usually requires a single common noun (e.g., profession or type of person).

QUESTIONS 27-31 (Passage 3: The Benefits of Bilingualism)

📝 Question 27:

Observing the ... of Russian-English bilingual people when asked to select certain objects

🔹 Correct Answer: eye movements
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text says, "Some of the most compelling evidence... comes from studying eye movements. A Russian-English bilingual asked to ‘pick up a marker’... would look more at a stamp..." The thing observed is the eye movements.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using the term "language co-activation," which is the *phenomenon*, not the *observation*.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The verb "Observing" is the clue to look for the observable action being studied.

📝 Question 28:

Bilingual people engage both languages simultaneously: a mechanism known as ...

🔹 Correct Answer: language co-activation
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states: "Research shows that when a bilingual person uses one language, the other is active at the same time. Some of the most compelling evidence for this phenomenon, called ‘language co-activation’..." This is a direct definition match.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Listing the characteristics of the phenomenon instead of its specific scientific name.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "known as" or "called" is a direct cue for a proper name or technical term.

📝 Question 29:

A test called the ..., focusing on naming colors

🔹 Correct Answer: Stroop Task
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text says, "In the classic Stroop Task, people see a word and are asked to name the colour of the word’s font." The test's name is explicitly given.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question asks for the *name of the test*, not the skill it measures (conflict management).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for capitalized proper nouns that are immediately followed by an explanation of their function.

📝 Question 30:

Bilingual people are more able to handle tasks involving a skill called ...

🔹 Correct Answer: conflict management
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage begins, "For this reason, bilingual people often perform better on tasks that require conflict management." This identifies the specific skill that gives them an advantage.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using a general phrase like "handling competing information" instead of the specific skill name.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The words "perform better on tasks that require" is a direct cue for the name of the underlying skill.

📝 Question 31:

A test involving switching between tasks: When changing strategies, bilingual people have superior ...

🔹 Correct Answer: cognitive control
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph mentions that bilinguals are "better at switching between two tasks" and that this reflects "better cognitive control when having to make rapid changes of strategy." The ability to switch is attributed to this superior control.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "switching" or "flexibility," which are descriptions of the action, not the name of the superior ability.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "reflecting better" is the lead-in to the name of the superior mental ability.

QUESTIONS 32-36 (Passage 3: The Benefits of Bilingualism)

📝 Question 32:

Attitudes towards bilingualism have changed in recent years.

🔹 Correct Answer: YES
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph A
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph A states: "In the past, such children were considered to be at a disadvantage... Over the past few decades, however, technological advances have allowed researchers to look more deeply... thereby identifying several clear benefits." The contrast between past disadvantage and current benefits confirms a change in attitude.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Only reading the first part and thinking the text implies no change.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for time markers and contrastive words ("In the past," "Over the past few decades," "however").

📝 Question 33:

Bilingual people are better than monolingual people at guessing correctly what words are before they are finished.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph B explains that bilingual people activate more words in both languages. However, it never compares their *accuracy* or *rate of success* at guessing correctly with monolingual people.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming a benefit is a comparison. The text only describes the *mechanism* (co-activation), not the outcome's superiority.
⭐ Key Learning Point: A comparative claim ("better than") requires a comparative statement in the text.

📝 Question 34:

Bilingual people consistently name images faster than monolingual people.

🔹 Correct Answer: NO
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states that knowing multiple languages "can cause speakers to name pictures more slowly" than monolingual people. This directly contradicts the statement that they do it "faster."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Only focusing on the positive benefits (conflict management) and missing the explicitly stated negative consequence.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The word "slower" is the explicit contradiction to "faster," making the answer NO.

📝 Question 35:

Bilingual people’s brains process single sounds more efficiently than monolingual people in all situations.

🔹 Correct Answer: NO
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph D
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states that when sounds are presented "without any intervening background noise, they show highly similar brain stem responses." This means they are *not* more efficient in *all* situations, contradicting the absolute claim.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Missing the qualifier "in all situations." The text shows a situation where they are similar, proving the statement NO.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Absolute words like "all," "only," or "always" are often tested; look for a counter-example (the "without noise" test).

📝 Question 36:

Fewer bilingual people than monolingual people suffer from brain disease in old age.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph E
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text mentions that bilingualism may delay the *onset of symptoms* of Alzheimer's and provide *protective benefits*. However, it does not make a comparison about the overall prevalence or *number* of people who suffer from brain disease.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the delay/protective effect with a reduction in the total number of sufferers.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The difference between onset of symptoms and total prevalence is the key to NOT GIVEN.

QUESTIONS 37-40 (Passage 3: The Benefits of Bilingualism)

📝 Question 37:

An example of how bilingual and monolingual people’s brains respond differently to a certain type of non-verbal auditory input

🔹 Correct Answer: D
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph D
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph D compares brain responses: both groups show "highly similar brain stem responses" without noise, but the bilinguals' response is "considerably larger" with noise. This is a clear example of the different brain response to a specific auditory input (sound with background noise).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing on the language-based examples (B, C). This question specifies *non-verbal* auditory input (speech sounds/noise).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the words "brain stem responses" and the contrast between the two groups.

📝 Question 38:

A demonstration of how a bilingual upbringing has benefits even before we learn to speak

🔹 Correct Answer: G
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph G
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph G discusses a study on "seven-month-old babies" who have not yet learned to speak. The result shows that the bilingual babies "were able to successfully learn the new rule," demonstrating a cognitive benefit before language acquisition.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Not recognizing that seven-month-old babies are pre-verbal, or confusing this with the general benefits for older people.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for studies involving infants or very young children to confirm pre-verbal benefits.

📝 Question 39:

A description of the process by which people identify words that they hear

🔹 Correct Answer: B
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph B details the process: "the sounds arrive in sequential order. Long before the word is finished, the brain’s language system begins to guess what that word might be." This step-by-step description is the process of word identification.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing only on the bilingual aspect (co-activation) and missing the preceding explanation of the general mechanism.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for explanatory phrases like "how" or descriptions of the brain's action ("begins to guess").

📝 Question 40:

Reference to some negative consequences of being bilingual

🔹 Correct Answer: C
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph C states that linguistic competition "can result in difficulties... For instance, knowing more than one language can cause speakers to name pictures more slowly, and can increase ‘tip-of-the-tongue states’." These are the negative consequences.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The paragraph also describes a benefit (conflict management); the heading must cover all the content, including the listed difficulties.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for negative terms such as "difficulties," "more slowly," and "increase tip-of-the-tongue states."