تحلیل ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک کمبریج 10 - تست 4: بررسی سوالات، نکات کلیدی و استراتژی‌های پاسخ دهی

پالت ناوبری سوالات

QUESTIONS 1-6 (Passage 1: Notes Completion - Megafires)

📝 Question 1:

Wildfires today ______ more erratically than in the past.

🔹 Correct Answer: Spread
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage states that wildfires "spread more erratically than in the past."
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question asks for the verb that describes the fire's movement.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The verb "spread" captures the nature of the difference in fire movement.

📝 Question 2:

Megafires are typically ______ the size of a typical fire of 20 years ago.

🔹 Correct Answer: 10/ten times
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Megafires burn "10 times the size of the average forest fire of 20 years ago."
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question asks for the numerical comparison.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The core concept is the dramatic increase in scale, captured by the number.

📝 Question 3:

The amount of rainfall is significantly ______ normal in recent years.

🔹 Correct Answer: Below
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The region has had significantly "below normal precipitation" (rainfall).
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question asks for the comparison relative to the average/normal.
⭐ Key Learning Point: "Below normal" is the key phrase describing the lack of moisture.

📝 Question 4:

The extra undergrowth has become the primary ______ for megafires.

🔹 Correct Answer: Fuel
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The increase in underbrush (due to fire prevention policy) is "now the primary fuel for megafires."
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question asks for the technical term for the burning material.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The core problem is the accumulation of combustible material.

📝 Question 5:

Fire ______ are on average 78 days longer than they were 20 years ago.

🔹 Correct Answer: Seasons
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph mentions "fire seasons that on average are 78 days longer."
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question asks for the period of time that has extended.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The comparison uses the metric of "78 days longer."

📝 Question 6:

Increased construction of ______ in wooded areas has contributed to increased damage.

🔹 Correct Answer: Homes/Housing
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraphs 3 and 4.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Both paragraphs mention the "increased construction of homes in wooded areas" and "more residential housing is being built."
⚠️ Potential Traps: The answer is the type of structure being built in high-risk areas.
⭐ Key Learning Point: "Homes" or "housing" captures the key term.

QUESTIONS 7-13 (Passage 1: True/False/Not Given - Megafires)

📝 Question 7:

The total area of open space in California has diminished.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage states: "What once was open space is now residential homes..." This clearly indicates that open space has decreased (diminished).
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question is a direct paraphrase of the conversion of land use.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "What once was... is now..." is the key indicator of a reduction.

📝 Question 8:

California has made little progress in fire prevention in recent years.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text mentions that "many experts give California high marks for making progress on preparedness in recent years." "High marks" contradicts "little progress."
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question tries to reverse the explicit positive assessment.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "high marks" is a definitive contradiction.

📝 Question 9:

Fire personnel have been criticised for mishandling fire containment.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Fire personnel were "Stung in the past by criticism of bungling that allowed fires to spread when they might have been contained." Bungling containment is mishandling it.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question is a direct paraphrase of the past criticism.
⭐ Key Learning Point: "Criticism of bungling" is the key phrase.

📝 Question 10:

California has replaced some of its firefighting tools.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: State promises to provide "more up-to-date engines, planes, and helicopters" have been "fulfilled." These are firefighting tools that have been replaced/updated.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question is a clear inference from the fulfillment of promises to provide new equipment.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The new "engines, planes, and helicopters" are the tools.

📝 Question 11:

The number of professional firefighters employed in California has risen recently.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Not discussed.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage mentions new equipment and strategies but does not provide any figures or claims about the number of firefighters hired or employed.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Do not infer a rise in personnel from the rise in equipment/preparedness.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The specific detail about the number of employed personnel is missing.

📝 Question 12:

The efforts of fire services from different areas are regarded with disapproval by residents.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: There is a sense among residents that the speed, dedication, and coordination are "resulting in greater efficiency" (approval). This contradicts "disapproval."
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question tries to reverse the explicit positive sentiment.
⭐ Key Learning Point: "Greater efficiency" is a clear sign of approval.

📝 Question 13:

Randy Jacobs believes that the number of deaths will not decrease as a result of the new fire prevention measures.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 8.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Jacobs states: "we will no longer suffer the loss of life endured in the past" because of the new measures. This means he believes the loss of life *will* decrease.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question is a direct reversal of Jacobs's positive prediction.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The prediction is that the past level of loss of life will not be repeated.

QUESTIONS 14-18 (Passage 2: Summary Completion - Personality Development)

📝 Question 14:

Psychologists have long believed that ______ in a person's character was impossible.

🔹 Correct Answer: Transformation/Change
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph A.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Psychologists believed a person’s character cannot undergo a "transformation" (change) in any meaningful way.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question asks for the noun that describes the impossible action.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The core idea is the historical belief in the immutability of character.

📝 Question 15:

It was thought that the main characteristics of a person's personality were fixed at a ______.

🔹 Correct Answer: Young age
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph A.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Key traits of personality are determined at a "very young age."
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question asks for the period when traits were believed to be fixed.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The belief was that character was established early in life.

📝 Question 16:

The personality quality that is easiest to acquire is ______.

🔹 Correct Answer: Optimism
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: "Some qualities are less challenging to develop than others, optimism being one of them." "Less challenging" means easiest.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question asks for the example of the easiest quality to develop.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The key term is "less challenging to develop."

📝 Question 17:

However, the development of a new quality requires mastering a range of ______.

🔹 Correct Answer: Skills/techniques
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: "However, developing qualities requires mastering a range of skills which are diverse and sometimes surprising."
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question asks for the noun that describes what must be mastered.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The answer should be a term for practical abilities: skills or techniques.

📝 Question 18:

For example, a person must be open to experiencing ______ to increase the amount of joy and passion in their life.

🔹 Correct Answer: Negative emotions/feelings
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: "For example, to bring more joy and passion into your life, you must be open to experiencing negative emotions."
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question asks for the surprising, counterintuitive requirement.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The counterintuitive requirement is the willingness to accept negative feelings.

QUESTIONS 19-22 (Passage 2: Matching People to Statements - Personality Development)

📝 Question 19:

People must accept that they do not know much when first trying something new.

🔹 Correct Answer: E (Todd Kashdan)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Kashdan advises, "As a newcomer, you also have to tolerate and laugh at your own ignorance." Tolerating ignorance means accepting that you don't know much.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The advice is about overcoming the initial hurdle of being a novice.
⭐ Key Learning Point: "Tolerate... your own ignorance" is the key quote.

📝 Question 20:

It is important for people to actively notice when good things happen.

🔹 Correct Answer: C (Suzanne Segerstrom)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph D.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Segerstrom recommends you "train yourself to pay attention to good fortune by writing down three positive things that come about each day." Paying attention to good fortune is actively noticing good things.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The technique involves consciously focusing on the positive.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The technique is to "train yourself to pay attention to good fortune."

📝 Question 21:

Courage can be learned once its origins in a sense of responsibility are understood.

🔹 Correct Answer: G (Cynthia Pury)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph H.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Pury's view is that courage is motivated by "moral obligation" (sense of responsibility) and that "people can acquire courage."
⚠️ Potential Traps: The two parts of the statement (moral obligation and acquirability) are both attributed to Pury.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The link is between moral obligation and the possibility that people "can acquire courage."

📝 Question 22:

It is possible to overcome shyness when faced with the need to speak in public.

🔹 Correct Answer: A (Christopher Peterson)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph F.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Peterson, being "Inherently introverted," realized his "reticence would prove disastrous in the lecture hall" (public speaking). "So he learned to be more outgoing."
⚠️ Potential Traps: The academic setting is the required public speaking situation.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The statement is about his successful shift from introvert to outgoing speaker.

QUESTIONS 23-26 (Passage 2: Locating Information - Personality Development)

📝 Question 23:

A mention of how rational thinking enabled someone to achieve physical goals

🔹 Correct Answer: E
📍 Location in Passage: Section E.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Tanya Streeter, the freediver, "learned to untangle her fears from her judgment of what her body and mind could do." This rational judgment overcame emotional/physical limits.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question asks for the application of mental skills to physical feats.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The ability to separate fear from judgment is the rational thinking used.

📝 Question 24:

An account of how someone overcame a sad experience

🔹 Correct Answer: C
📍 Location in Passage: Section C.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: David Fajgenbaum's sports career ended due to an accident, leaving him with depression (sad experience). He overcame this by launching a support group to help others.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question is about the successful recovery from a negative event.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The shift from personal pain to helping others is the action of overcoming.

📝 Question 25:

A description of how someone decided to rethink their academic career path

🔹 Correct Answer: G
📍 Location in Passage: Section G.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Mauro Zappaterra was "miserable" with his research, took a break, and then "switched labs" to study something else. This change of research focus is a rethinking of his academic path.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question asks for a change in educational trajectory.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The decision to "switch labs" after the break is the key evidence.

📝 Question 26:

An example of how someone risked his career out of a sense of duty

🔹 Correct Answer: H
📍 Location in Passage: Section H.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Kenneth Pedeleose spoke out against bullying, "knowing his own job security would be threatened." His action was motivated by addressing something he thought was "ethically wrong" (duty).
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question asks for the moral motivation and the associated professional risk.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The action taken was against the manager, driven by ethical concerns, despite the personal risk.

QUESTIONS 27-31 (Passage 3: Multiple Choice - Evolutionary Throwbacks)

📝 Question 27:

When discussing the theory developed by Louis Dollo, the writer says that

🔹 Correct Answer: C (it was modified by biologists in the early twentieth century.)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Dollo proposed irreversibility in 1890. "Early 20th-century biologists came to a similar conclusion, though they qualified it in terms of probability." Qualification is a modification.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The text distinguishes between Dollo's original absolute claim and the later nuanced (modified) view.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The term "qualified it" is the key indicator of modification.

📝 Question 28:

The humpback whale caught off Vancouver Island is mentioned because of

🔹 Correct Answer: D (the reason given for its unusual features.)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The unusual leg-like appendages were thought by an explorer to be a "throwback to a land-living ancestor." This throwback explanation is the reason it is mentioned.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question asks for the *explanation* provided for the unusual feature, not the feature itself.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The idea of a "throwback" is the key reason for mentioning the whale.

📝 Question 29:

What is said about ‘silent genes’?

🔹 Correct Answer: C (They could lead to the re-emergence of certain characteristics.)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Raff and his team argued that "If these silent genes are somehow switched back on, they argued, long-lost traits could reappear." Reappearance is re-emergence.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question asks for the potential effect of these genes being reactivated.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The core mechanism of "reappear" is the link.

QUESTIONS 32-36 (Passage 3: Flow Chart Completion - Evolutionary Throwbacks)

📝 Question 32:

For a long time biologists rejected... ______

🔹 Correct Answer: F (the possibility of evolution being reversible)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraphs 1 and 2.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage opens with "Evolution isn’t supposed to run backwards" and mentions the principle that "evolution cannot run backwards." Reversing is reversibility.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question asks for the scientific concept that was initially rejected.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The central rejected idea is the irreversibility of evolution.

📝 Question 33:

Opposing views on evolutionary throwbacks are represented by... ______

🔹 Correct Answer: G (Dollo’s findings and the convictions held by Lombroso.)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Lombroso believed in physical "throwbacks" (atavisms), while Dollo was "coming to the opposite conclusion" (irreversibility).
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question asks for the two historical figures with contrasting views on the subject.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The core contrast is between Lombroso's belief and Dollo's conclusion.

📝 Question 34:

Examples of evolutionary throwbacks have led to... ______

🔹 Correct Answer: A (the question of how certain long-lost traits could reappear.)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: After noting many examples, the text states: "And this poses a puzzle: how can characteristics that disappeared millions of years ago suddenly reappear?"
⚠️ Potential Traps: The observation led directly to the formation of a scientific puzzle/question.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The ultimate result of the evidence is the unanswered question of the mechanism of reappearance.

📝 Question 35:

The shark and killer whale are mentioned to exemplify... ______

🔹 Correct Answer: B (the occurrence of a particular feature in different species.)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: They illustrate that "similar structures can independently arise in unrelated species," with the dorsal fins being the shared feature.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The purpose is to illustrate convergent evolution (similar features in unrelated species).
⭐ Key Learning Point: The example is used to explain the concept of independent structural development.

📝 Question 36:

One explanation for the findings of Wagner’s research is... ______

🔹 Correct Answer: D (the continued existence of certain genetic information.)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The possibility is that the "genetic information needed to make toes somehow survived" and was reactivated, meaning the information continued to exist.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question asks for the mechanism that allows the re-evolution to occur.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The theory suggests the genetic code was preserved and then reactivated.

QUESTIONS 37-40 (Passage 3: Yes/No/Not Given - Writer's Opinions)

📝 Question 37:

Wagner was the first person to do research on South American lizards.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text mentions Wagner's research on the "evolutionary history of a group of South American lizards" but does not state that he was the *first* person to research them.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Do not infer "first" from the mention of his specific paper/work.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The specific superlative claim ("first person") is missing.

📝 Question 38:

Wagner believes that Bachia lizards with toes had toeless ancestors.

🔹 Correct Answer: YES
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: According to his analysis of the family tree, "the toed species re-evolved toes from toeless ancestors." This directly supports the statement.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question is a direct paraphrase of Wagner's finding.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The concept of "re-evolved toes from toeless ancestors" is the key support.

📝 Question 39:

The temporary occurrence of long-lost traits in embryos is rare.

🔹 Correct Answer: NO
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 8.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph states, "Early embryos of many species develop ancestral features," suggesting it is common, not rare.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question tries to reverse the explicit claim of prevalence.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The claim that "many species" exhibit this feature contradicts the idea of rarity.

📝 Question 40:

Evolutionary throwbacks might be caused by developmental problems in the womb.

🔹 Correct Answer: YES
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 8.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text mentions that if the program to remove ancestral features does not happen "for any reason," the feature may remain, "leading to an atavism." This failure of the developmental program is a type of problem/disruption.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The question is a clear inference from the text's reference to the failure of the removal program.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The failure of the removal program is the link to developmental problems.