تحلیل ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک کمبریج 8 - تست 1: بررسی سوالات، نکات کلیدی و استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی

مقدمه

بخش ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک یکی از مهارت‌های حیاتی در آزمون آیلتس است که نیازمند درک سریع و دقیق متون علمی، مدیریت زمان و تسلط بر انواع سوالات می‌باشد. در این مقاله، تحلیل تست ۱ ریدینگ از کتاب آیلتس کمبریج ۸ (Cambridge IELTS 8) را ارائه می‌دهیم. هدف ما بررسی ساختار متن‌ها، استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی و نکات کلیدی برای کمک به داوطلبان در کسب نمره بهتر در این بخش است. این تست شامل سه متن آکادمیک است که به ترتیب سطح دشواری آن‌ها افزایش می‌یابد. داوطلبان باید با انواع سوالات مانند True/False/Not Given، Matching Headings، Multiple Choice و Summary Completion آشنا باشند و استراتژی‌های مناسبی برای هر نوع سوال اتخاذ کنند. در این مقاله، به بررسی نکات کلیدی متن‌ها، تحلیل دقیق سوالات، شناسایی اشتباهات رایج و ارائه روش‌های بهینه برای بهبود سرعت و دقت در پاسخ‌دهی خواهیم پرداخت. با مطالعه این راهنما، می‌توانید نقاط ضعف خود را تقویت کرده و عملکرد بهتری در بخش ریدینگ آیلتس داشته باشید. 

برای دیدن بقیه‌ی تحلیل‌ها به لینک زیر بروید:

پالت ناوبری سوالات

QUESTIONS 1-4 (Passage 1: Measuring Time)

📝 Question 1:

a mention of an early timekeeping invention affected by cold temperatures.

🔹 Correct Answer: D
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph D.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph D discusses the sundial and water clock. The text states: "Although these devices performed satisfactorily around the Mediterranean, they could not always be depended on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of northern Europe." The phrase "freezing weather" is key.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing only on the *name* of the invention rather than the *reason* for its failure (cold/cloudy weather).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for paragraphs that contain a specific environmental limitation for a device.

📝 Question 2:

an explanation of the importance of geography in the development of the calendar in farming communities.

🔹 Correct Answer: B
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph B contrasts calendar development in "lower latitudes" (lunar cycle) and "more northern climes" (solar year) due to the need for tracking seasonal agriculture. This is a clear link between **geography** and calendar development.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing this with the simple mention of a calendar in Paragraph A (Babylonians).
⭐ Key Learning Point: The question requires a **comparative** explanation based on **location** (geography) and its effect on farming.

📝 Question 3:

a description of the origins of the pendulum clock.

🔹 Correct Answer: F
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph F.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The last sentence of Paragraph F explicitly states: "By the 16th century, a **pendulum clock** had been devised, but the pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not very efficient." "Devised" relates to "origins."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the *origin* (Paragraph F) with the later *improvement* (Paragraph G - the anchor escapement).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the first mention of the **invention** of the pendulum clock, not its later advancements.

📝 Question 4:

a detail of the simultaneous efforts of different societies to calculate time using uniform hours.

🔹 Correct Answer: E
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph E.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph E lists several systems that divided the day into 24 equal parts, mentioning "Italian hours," "Babylonian hours," and "great clock' hours... in Germany," which shows **simultaneous efforts of different societies**.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing a paragraph that mentions only one type of time measurement.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The question asks for **multiple societies** and **uniform hours**, so look for a list of different national or regional systems.

QUESTIONS 5-8 (Passage 1: Measuring Time)

📝 Question 5:

devised a civil calendar in which the months were equal in length.

🔹 Correct Answer: Egyptians
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph C states, "Centuries before the Roman Empire, the **Egyptians** had formulated a municipal calendar having **12 months of 30 days**...". Twelve months of 30 days is a calendar in which the months are equal in length.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the Egyptians (equal months) with the Babylonians (Paragraph A).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for a **specific national group** associated with **equal duration** of months.

📝 Question 6:

divided the day into two equal halves.

🔹 Correct Answer: French
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph E.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The last sentence of Paragraph E explains that "small clock', or **French**, hours... split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight." This clearly defines two equal halves.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Selecting another nationality (Italian, Babylonian) which is mentioned earlier in the paragraph.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the phrase that directly mentions the **12-hour division** and its corresponding nationality (**French**).

📝 Question 7:

developed a new cabinet shape for a timekeeper.

🔹 Correct Answer: English
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph G.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph G mentions that a variation on the escapement was invented in 1670 "in **England**." This led to the development of the "new **floor-standing case design**, which became known as the **grandfather clock**." The nationality is **English**.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Mistaking the invention of the escapement for the invention of the clock itself.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "**floor-standing case design**" is a direct synonym for "new cabinet shape," and the location is **England**.

📝 Question 8:

created a calendar to organize public events and work schedules.

🔹 Correct Answer: Babylonians
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph A.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph A states the **Babylonians** introduced calendars to "**co-ordinate communal activities**," "plan the shipment of goods," and "regulate planting and harvesting." These are all forms of organizing public events and work schedules.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Selecting the Egyptians (Paragraph C) whose calendar was "municipal," not explicitly for co-ordinating communal work.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the national group associated with **co-ordination** and **regulation** of public life/work.

QUESTIONS 9-13 (Passage 1: Measuring Time)

📝 Question 9:

A lever-based device shaped like a ship's anchor.

🔹 Correct Answer: (ship's) anchor
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph G.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph G clearly identifies the mechanism as the "**anchor escapement**, which was a lever-based device shaped like a ship's anchor." The answer must be the name of the device.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the anchor escapement with the escape wheel.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The diagram label points to the **lever** described by the **analogy** of a ship's anchor.

📝 Question 10:

A toothed wheel that is stopped and released by the lever at the top of the pendulum.

🔹 Correct Answer: (escape) wheel
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph G.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph G states the anchor escapement "catches and then releases each tooth of the **escape wheel**, in turn allowing it to turn a precise amount." This identifies the **toothed wheel**.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Calling it just 'wheel' or 'gear'. The full term is required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the noun that is stopped and released by the **escapement** mechanism.

📝 Question 11:

A projection from the escape wheel.

🔹 Correct Answer: tooth
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph G.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The same sentence from Question 10 says the escapement "catches and then releases each **tooth** of the escape wheel." A tooth is a clear projection from a toothed wheel.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, as the word is used directly in the text describing the function.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The word **tooth** is the fundamental component of the escape wheel that is being regulated.

📝 Question 12:

The swinging weighted rod in the diagram.

🔹 Correct Answer: (long) pendulum
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph G.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The last sentence states this invention "allowed the use of a **long pendulum** which could beat once a second." The pendulum is the main swinging part of the clock.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Calling it just 'rod' or 'weight'. The key word is **pendulum**.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The question asks for the name of the **swinging part** of the clock.

📝 Question 13:

The unit of time indicated by the movement of the long pendulum.

🔹 Correct Answer: second
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph G.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The last sentence specifies the **long pendulum** "could beat once a **second**." This is the unit of time it measures.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, as the unit is explicitly stated.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the specific unit of time **directly linked** to the pendulum's beat.

QUESTIONS 14-19 (Passage 2: Air Traffic Control)

📝 Question 14:

Paragraph A

🔹 Correct Answer: ii (Aviation disaster prompts action)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph A, first sentence.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph begins: "An **accident** that occurred... resulted in the establishment of the **Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)**...". This directly links a disaster to a resulting organizational action.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing only on the FAA's purpose rather than the reason for its creation (the disaster).
⭐ Key Learning Point: The introduction (Paragraph A) typically sets the scene, often by mentioning the **problem** (**disaster**) that necessitated the **solution** (**action**).

📝 Question 15:

Paragraph C

🔹 Correct Answer: iii (Two coincidental developments)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph C discusses two separate time periods: radar/radio in the **1940s** and the **advent of the jet engine** (after FAA's creation). The text calls this timing **"fortuitous,"** implying a beneficial coincidence of separate developments.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing only on the new technology (radar/radio) and missing the second development (jet engine).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for descriptions of **multiple, separately occurring events** in the same paragraph that are linked by the text (e.g., "fortuitous," "coincidental").

📝 Question 16:

Paragraph D

🔹 Correct Answer: v (An oversimplified view)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph D, first two sentences.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph starts by describing what "Many people **think**" ATC is (controllers at airports), and immediately corrects this by saying, "This is a very **incomplete part of the picture**." This sets up an oversimplified view and then dismisses it.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Mistaking the first sentence (the public's view) for the main topic.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for phrases like "**Many people think**" or "**misconception**" followed by a **correction** in the same paragraph.

📝 Question 17:

Paragraph E

🔹 Correct Answer: iv (Setting altitude zones)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph E.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph E defines airspace based on **height** (e.g., "365m above the ground and higher," "down to 215m above the ground"). This is a clear definition of **altitude zones**.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing a heading that is too general (e.g., about controlled/uncontrolled space, which is also mentioned). **Altitude** is the defining characteristic here.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When the text contains specific **numerical measurements of height**, the heading is likely related to **altitude** or **levels**.

📝 Question 18:

Paragraph F

🔹 Correct Answer: viii (Setting rules according to weather conditions)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph F.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph F defines two types of operating rules: **VFR** (Visual Flight Rules), which is suitable for "a **clear day**," and **IFR** (Instrument Flight Rules), for flying based on instruments. The clear day/instrument contrast is based on the **weather conditions**.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the rules themselves (VFR/IFR) with the *reason* they are set (visibility/weather).
⭐ Key Learning Point: The mention of a "**clear day**" is the explicit link between the rules (VFR/IFR) and **weather conditions**.

📝 Question 19:

Paragraph G

🔹 Correct Answer: vii (Defining airspace categories)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph G.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph states, "Controlled airspace is divided into several different types, **designated by letters of the alphabet**." It then defines and lists Classes F, E, A, D, C, and B. This is the definition of **airspace categories**.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Getting lost in the details of each class instead of identifying the paragraph's main function: **listing and defining categories**.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When a paragraph is dominated by a list of items followed by definitions (e.g., Class A, B, C, D...), the heading is likely about **defining categories**.

QUESTIONS 20-26 (Passage 2: Air Traffic Control)

📝 Question 20:

The FAA was created as a result of the introduction of the jet engine.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraphs A and C.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph A states the FAA was established due to the **Grand Canyon accident** in 1956. Paragraph C says its creation was **"fortuitous"** considering the **later** advent of the jet engine. The jet engine was a circumstance *after* the creation, not the *cause*.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the reason for its existence (disaster) with a subsequent factor that justified its existence (jet engine).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Check the **cause and effect** link carefully. The disaster was the cause of the FAA's creation.

📝 Question 21:

Air traffic control started after the Grand Canyon crash in 1956.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph B explicitly states, "**Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed well before the Grand Canyon disaster**. As early as the **1920s**...". The statement is directly contradicted.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the **establishment of the FAA** (after 1956) with the **start of ATC** (before 1956).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Use **dates** (1920s vs 1956) to verify the chronological claims in the statement.

📝 Question 22:

Beacons and flashing lights are still used by the ATC today.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph B mentions beacons and lights were used to establish the **earliest airways**. The text details their historical use but **offers no information** as to whether they are **still in use today**.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Inferring that since more advanced technology is used, the older systems must be obsolete.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The question asks about the **present use** (still used today), a detail absent from the text's historical account.

📝 Question 23:

Some improvements were made in radio communication during World War II.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph C states that ATC took advantage of "newly developed radar and **improved radio communication brought about by the Second World War**." The statement is directly supported by the text.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None; this is a direct fact check.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The text is clear that the war **led to improvements** in the technology mentioned.

📝 Question 24:

Class F airspace is airspace which is below 365m and not near airports.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraphs E and G.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph G states, "**Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F**." Paragraph E clarifies that uncontrolled airspace is "below **365m**" and is for pilots who wish to fly "**without all the restrictions**" imposed by the FAA, which is generally not near major airports.
⚠️ Potential Traps: This requires synthesizing information from two different paragraphs (E and G).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Link the definition of **Class F** (Uncontrolled) with the description of **uncontrolled airspace** (below 365m, without restrictions).

📝 Question 25:

All aircraft in class E airspace must use IFR.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraphs F and G.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Class E is **controlled airspace** (Paragraph G). Paragraph F states that in controlled airspace, a pilot can operate under VFR on a "**clear day**." Therefore, not **all** aircraft must use IFR.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Missing the qualifier "**All**." The existence of VFR in controlled airspace means the statement is false.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Be highly alert to **absolute words** like "**All**," "**Only**," and "**Never**" in True/False/Not Given questions.

📝 Question 26:

A pilot entering class C airspace is flying over an average-sized city.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph G.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph G lists Class C airspace as corresponding "roughly to **medium-sized metropolitan**" airports. A medium-sized metropolitan area is synonymous with an **average-sized city**.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing it with Class D (small municipal) or Class B (major metropolitan).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the synonym match: "**Class C**" is linked to "**medium-sized metropolitan**."

QUESTIONS 27-30 (Passage 3: Telepathy Research)

📝 Question 27:

Researchers with differing attitudes towards telepathy agree on...

🔹 Correct Answer: E. the importance of the ganzfeld experiments.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph 2 states, "**Sceptics and advocates alike do concur** on one issue... the most impressive evidence so far has come from the so-called ‘**ganzfeld**’ experiments." Sceptics and advocates have differing attitudes, and they agree on the importance of ganzfeld.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the agreement on the *evidence* (ganzfeld) with the agreement on the *existence* of telepathy.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "**concur on one issue**" is the explicit signal for the correct answer.

📝 Question 28:

Reports of experiences during meditation indicated...

🔹 Correct Answer: B. the need for a suitable environment for telepathy to take place.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text mentions reports of telepathy during meditation, leading to the idea that a "suitable environment" is needed. The 'ganzfeld' method itself is based on this idea of a **tranquil environment**.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Thinking the effect itself was improved, rather than the insight that a **relaxed state** makes signals "more easily detected."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The mention of "meditation-like **tranquillity**" and "relaxing ‘**whole field**’" points to the importance of the **environment**.

📝 Question 29:

Attitudes to parapsychology would alter drastically with...

🔹 Correct Answer: A. the discovery of a mechanism for telepathy.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph 7 states: "The problem stems at least in part from the **lack of any plausible mechanism** for telepathy." The implication is that if a mechanism were found, the "problem" of skepticism would be overcome, drastically altering attitudes.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Mistaking the *current success rate* for the core problem (which is the lack of a mechanism).
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "**lack of any plausible mechanism**" highlights the fundamental, missing piece of scientific proof.

📝 Question 30:

Recent autoganzfeld trials suggest that success rates will improve with...

🔹 Correct Answer: F. a more careful selection of subjects.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph 7 mentions a study that found "highly **creative people**... score significantly above chance" and that "future studies might be better off focusing on **those individuals**." This suggests **more careful selection of subjects** based on traits like creativity.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming the answer is A (more studies) without noting the *quality* improvement from the selection method.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The finding that specific groups ("highly creative people") perform better directly supports the need for **subject selection**.

QUESTIONS 31-40 (Passage 3: Telepathy Research)

📝 Question 31:

The person who picks out an image from a random selection of four during a Ganzfeld study.

🔹 Correct Answer: sender
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph 3 states: "a person acting as a '**sender**' would attempt to beam the image over to the 'receiver'". The sender is the one who knows the target image.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, as the term is explicitly defined.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The role of the **sender** is to **transmit** the target image.

📝 Question 32:

What the "sender" picks out during a Ganzfeld study (one word).

🔹 Correct Answer: image/picture
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text refers to the "sender' would attempt to beam the **image** over" and the receiver must identify "which of the four **images** had been used." Both **image** and **picture** are accurate one-word answers.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using a synonym not found in the text (e.g., 'target').
⭐ Key Learning Point: The object being transmitted is a **visual representation**.

📝 Question 33:

The person who attempts to identify the image the "sender" selected.

🔹 Correct Answer: receiver
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph 3 refers to the "**receiver** relaxing in the sealed room." This person is later asked to "identify which of the four images had been used."
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, as the term is explicitly defined.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The role of the **receiver** is to **perceive** the image from the sender.

📝 Question 34:

A flaw of the 1982 Ganzfeld study (two words).

🔹 Correct Answer: sensory leakage
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph 4 lists one issue: "**sensory leakage** – where clues about the pictures accidentally reach the receiver." This is a flaw that could lead to false positive results.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Calling it "clues" or "accidental clues." The full term is required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the **technical term** used to describe the unwanted transmission of information.

📝 Question 35:

A second flaw of the 1982 Ganzfeld study (one word).

🔹 Correct Answer: fraud
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph 4 lists a second issue: "to outright **fraud**." Fraud is a form of deception/cheating that flaws the results.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, as the term is used directly.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The second flaw is a more severe issue involving **deliberate dishonesty**.

📝 Question 36:

What was used for key tasks in the 1987 autoganzfeld studies (one word).

🔹 Correct Answer: computers
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The first sentence of Paragraph 5 states that autoganzfeld "used **computers** to perform many of the **key tasks** such as the random selection of images."
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, as the term is used directly.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the new **technology** that automated the key tasks.

📝 Question 37:

What researchers were hoping to limit by using computers in the 1987 autoganzfeld studies (two words).

🔹 Correct Answer: human involvement
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The second sentence of Paragraph 5 states, "By minimising **human involvement**, the idea was to minimise the risk of flawed results." This is the element they hoped to limit.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "flawed results," which is the *desired outcome* of minimizing human involvement.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The automation process was designed to eliminate the potential for **human error** or **bias**.

📝 Question 38:

The term used to describe what the results of the 1987 autoganzfeld tests were subjected to (two words).

🔹 Correct Answer: meta-analysis
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph 6 mentions results were studied by Honorton in a "**meta-analysis**," which is defined as "a statistical technique for finding the overall results from a set of studies."
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, as the term is clearly defined and used.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The question asks for the **statistical technique** used to combine the results.

📝 Question 39:

A flaw that was attributed to the sample size of the autoganzfeld studies (three words).

🔹 Correct Answer: lack of consistency
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph 6 states researchers are "disturbed by the **lack of consistency** between individual ganzfeld studies." This inconsistency is later implied to be due to the small sample size.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "not big enough" which describes the sample, not the flaw attributed to it.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The problem of small sample size leads to **unreliable findings** across different tests (**lack of consistency**).

📝 Question 40:

The problem with the sample groups in the autoganzfeld studies (two words).

🔹 Correct Answer: big enough/large enough
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The final sentence of Paragraph 6 states the group is "just **not big enough**" to detect the small margin of success. The core problem is the insufficient **size**.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None, as the term is used directly.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the phrase that directly addresses the **quantity** of people in the study.