تحلیل لیسنینگ آیلتس آکادمیک و جنرال کمبریج 13 - تست 3: بررسی سوالات، نکات کلیدی و استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی

📝 Question 1: "Average rent: 1 **850** £ a month"

🔹 Correct Answer: 850

📍 Location in Audio Script: "Yeah, you should be able to get something reasonable for **850** (📍Q1) pounds per month."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The answer is directly stated as "**850 pounds per month**" in the audio script.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The audio mentions that you "**wouldn't want to pay more than 900 pounds**", which might mislead some listeners.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay attention to specific numbers mentioned and focus on what the speaker "**should**" pay, not the maximum they "**would**" pay.

📝 Question 2: "Linda travels to work by 2 **bike/bicycle**"

🔹 Correct Answer: bike/bicycle

📍 Location in Audio Script: "I work in the city centre so I don’t have to use public transport. I go by **bike** (📍Q2)."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The audio clearly states "**I go by bike**," which is the means of transportation **Linda** uses to go to work.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The listener might be confused by the fact that she says she **doesn't use public transport**, but not that she walks.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Listen for the specific **mode of transportation** stated, not just the lack of another.

📝 Question 3: "Limited 3 **parking** in city centre"

🔹 Correct Answer: parking

📍 Location in Audio Script: "Anyway, driving to work in the city centre would be a nightmare because there’s hardly any **parking** (📍Q3)."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The audio states that driving is a "**nightmare**" due to lack of **parking** in the city center.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The audio mentions bad **traffic** as well, which could mislead some listeners to choose this as the answer.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on the specific issue related to "**limited**" access, not general problems with driving.

📝 Question 4: "Trains to London every 4 **30/thirty** minutes"

🔹 Correct Answer: 30/thirty

📍 Location in Audio Script: "There’s a fast train every **30 minutes** (📍Q4) which only takes 45 minutes."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The audio explicitly states "**every 30 minutes**".

⚠️ Potential Traps: The audio also mentions a **45-minute** travel time, but that's the duration of the journey and not the **frequency** of the trains.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay close attention to the context and listen to what unit of time is being asked for in the question.

📝 Question 5: "Poor train service at 5 **weekend(s)** "

🔹 Correct Answer: weekend(s)

📍 Location in Audio Script: "It’s **weekends** that are a problem (📍Q5). They’re always doing engineering work..."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The audio specifies that "**weekends**" are the issue with the train service due to engineering work.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The speaker indicates the train service isn't bad "**during the week**" which might distract some people.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on the specific **timeframe** when the service is poor as noted in the question.

📝 Question 6: "New 6 **cinema** opened recently"

🔹 Correct Answer: cinema

📍 Location in Audio Script: "There are some nice restaurants in the city centre and a brand new **cinema** (📍Q6) which has only been open a couple of months."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The audio states, "**a brand new cinema**," which fits the criteria of the question.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The audio mentions other locations (restaurants, art center) but the question is asking for what is **new**.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for words like "**new**" or "**recently**" that indicate a specific item of interest.

📝 Question 7: "7 **hospital** has excellent reputation"

🔹 Correct Answer: hospital

📍 Location in Audio Script: "The schools are good and the **hospital** here is one of the **best in the country** (📍Q7)."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The audio mentions that "**the hospital here is one of the best in the country**."

⚠️ Potential Traps: **Schools** are also mentioned as good but not that they have an excellent reputation.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay attention to **which institution** the description is applied to.

📝 Question 8: "Good 8 **dentist** on Bridge Street"

🔹 Correct Answer: dentist

📍 Location in Audio Script: "Oh, I can give you the name of my **dentist** too in **Bridge Street** (📍Q8), if you’re interested."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The audio mentions "**my dentist**" located on "**Bridge Street**."

⚠️ Potential Traps: None.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Listen for **specific people, places, or things**, and where they are located.

📝 Question 9: "Meet Linda on 9 **Thursday** after 5.30 pm"

🔹 Correct Answer: Thursday

📍 Location in Audio Script: "Either a Tuesday or **Thursday** is good for me, after 5.30. (📍Q9) ... **Thursday’s preferable** – Tuesday I need to get home before 6 pm."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The audio says **Thursday** is "**preferable**" for **Linda** to meet after 5:30.

⚠️ Potential Traps: **Tuesday** is mentioned first but is not preferable.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on the **speaker’s preference** when there is a choice or alternative.

📝 Question 10: "In the 10 **café** opposite the station"

🔹 Correct Answer: café

📍 Location in Audio Script: "Let me know which train your catching and I’ll meet you in the **cafe** (📍Q10) outside. You can’t miss it. It’s opposite the station and next to the museum."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The audio states "**meet you in the cafe outside**" which is "**opposite the station**"

⚠️ Potential Traps: The **museum** is also mentioned as nearby.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Listen for the **specific location** stated in relation to the question.

LINDA:   Hello, **Linda** speaking.

MATT:   Oh hi, **Linda**. This is **Matt Brooks**. **Alex White** gave me your number. He said you’d be able to give me some advice about moving to Banford.

LINDA:   Yes, **Alex** did mention you. How can I help?

MATT:   Well, first of all – which area to live in?

LINDA:   Well, I live in Dalton (Example), which is a really nice suburb – not too expensive, and there’s a nice park.

MATT:   Sounds good. Do you know how much it would be to rent a two bedroom flat there?

LINDA:   Yeah, you should be able to get something reasonable for **850** (📍Q1) pounds per month. That’s what people typically pay. You certainly wouldn’t want to pay more than 900 pounds. That doesn’t include bills or anything.

MATT:   No. That sound alright. I’ll definitely have a look there. Are the transport links easy from where you live?

LINDA:   Well, I’m very lucky. I work in the city centre so I don’t have to use public transport. I go by **bike** (📍Q2).

MATT:   Oh, I wish I could do that. Is it safe to cycle around the city?

LINDA:   Yes, it’s fine. And it keeps me fit. Anyway, driving to work in the city centre would be a nightmare because there’s hardly any **parking** (📍Q3). And the traffic during the rush hour can be bad.

MATT:   I’d be working from home but I’d have to go to London one or two days a week.

LINDA:   Oh, that’s perfect. Getting to London is no problem. There’s a fast train every **30 minutes** (📍Q4) which only takes 45 minutes.

MATT:   That’s good.

LINDA:   Yeah, the train service isn’t bad during the week. And they run quite late at night. It’s **weekends** that are a problem (📍Q5). They’re always doing engineering work and you have to take a bus to Hadham and pick up the train there, which is really slow. But other than that, Banford’s a great place to live. I’ve never been happier.

LINDA:   There are some nice restaurants in the city centre and a brand new **cinema** (📍Q6) which has only been open a couple of months. There’s a good arts centre too.

MATT:   Sounds like Banford’s got it all.

LINDA:   Yes! We’re really lucky. There are lots of really good aspects to living here. The schools are good and the **hospital** here is one of the **best in the country** (📍Q7). Everyone I know who’s been there’s had a positive experience. Oh, I can give you the name of my **dentist** too in **Bridge Street** (📍Q8), if you’re interested. I’ve been going to him for years and I’ve never had any problems.

MATT:   Oh, OK. Thanks!

LINDA:   I’ll find his number and send it to you.

MATT:   Thanks, that would be really helpful.

LINDA:   Are you planning to visit Banford soon?

MATT:   Yes. My wife and I are both coming next week. We want to make some appointments with estate agents.

LINDA:   I could meet you if you like and show you around.

MATT:   Are you sure? We’d really appreciate that.

LINDA:   Either a Tuesday or **Thursday** is good for me, after 5.30. (📍Q9)

MATT:   **Thursday’s preferable** – Tuesday I need to get home before 6 pm.

LINDA:   Okay great. Let me know which train your catching and I’ll meet you in the **cafe** (📍Q10) outside. You can’t miss it. It’s opposite the station and next to the museum.

MATT:   Brilliant. I’ll text you next week then. Thanks so much for all the advice.

LINDA:   No problem. I’ll see you next week.

📝 Question 11: "using a gym"

🔹 Correct Answer: F (fast results)

📍 Location in Audio Script: "...with regular training you’ll see a **big difference in a relatively short space of time** (📍Q11)."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The phrase "**big difference in a relatively short space of time**" matches with the advantage of getting "**fast results**."

⚠️ Potential Traps: Other advantages of a gym are not mentioned.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on **synonyms and paraphrasing** to find the right matching advantages.

📝 Question 12: "running"

🔹 Correct Answer: D (fitness level unimportant)

📍 Location in Audio Script: "...it’s a very accessible form of exercise that **anyone can run even if you could only run a few meters to begin with** (📍Q12)."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The phrase "**anyone can run even if you could only run a few meters to begin with**" is equivalent to saying "**fitness level unimportant**"

⚠️ Potential Traps: The audio mentions getting "**the right shoes**", which doesn't correspond to an advantage but could be a distraction.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Be aware that the advantages are not always directly stated but can be **implied**.

📝 Question 13: "swimming"

🔹 Correct Answer: A (not dependent on season)

📍 Location in Audio Script: "What attracts many people is that you can swim in an indoor pool at **any time of year** (📍Q13)."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The phrase "**at any time of year**" corresponds with "**not dependent on season**."

⚠️ Potential Traps: The audio also says it can be **boring and solitary**, which is not an advantage.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on **positive aspects** of the activity to identify the advantage.

📝 Question 14: "cycling"

🔹 Correct Answer: B (enjoyable)

📍 Location in Audio Script: "...many people say being out in the fresh air in a park or in the countryside can be **fun** (📍Q14)..."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: "**being out in the fresh air in a park or in the countryside can be fun**" corresponds with being "**enjoyable**".

⚠️ Potential Traps: The audio also mentions "**Only fanatics go out in the wind and rain**" which can be a distractor since the activity itself is enjoyable.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on the **positive description** given as it relates to the advantages.

📝 Question 15: "doing yoga"

🔹 Correct Answer: C (low risk of injury)

📍 Location in Audio Script: "...with the right instructor there’s **less chance of hurting yourself** (📍Q15) than with other more active sports."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: "**less chance of hurting yourself**" corresponds to "**low risk of injury**".

⚠️ Potential Traps: The audio also states "**it can be surprisingly challenging**" which is not an advantage.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Differentiate between **difficulties** of the activity and its potential **benefits**.

📝 Question 16: "training with a personal trainer"

🔹 Correct Answer: G (motivating)

📍 Location in Audio Script: "But if you’ve got someone there to **encourage you** and help you achieve your goals, you’re **less likely to give up** (📍Q16)."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: "**encourage you** and help you achieve your goals" corresponds to "**motivating**"

⚠️ Potential Traps: The audio mentions the **cost** but this is not an advantage.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on **why a personal trainer is beneficial** and not their costs.

📝 Questions 17 & 18: "For which **TWO** reasons does the speaker say people give up going to the gym?"

🔹 Correct Answer: B (too much effort required), C (loss of confidence)

📍 Location in Audio Script: "I think people lose interest when they **don’t think they’re making enough progress**... it takes a lot of **determination and hard work**... and lots of people don’t have that kind of **commitment** (📍Q17&Q18)."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: "**don't think they're making enough progress**" corresponds to "**loss of confidence**" and "**takes a lot of determination and hard work**" corresponds with "**too much effort required**."

⚠️ Potential Traps: The audio mentions gym membership **costs**, which may mislead listeners to select "**high costs**,".

⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on the **main reasons for people giving up** stated by the speaker.

📝 Questions 19 & 20: "Which **TWO** pieces of advice does the speaker give for setting goals?"

🔹 Correct Answer: B (have achievable aims), D (give yourself rewards)

📍 Location in Audio Script: "One thing you can do to help yourself is to **set manageable goals** (📍Q19), be realistic and don’t push yourself too far. ... **Give yourself a really nice treat** every time you reach one of your goals (📍Q20)..."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The phrase "**set manageable goals**" corresponds with "**have achievable aims**," and "**Give yourself a really nice treat** every time you reach one of your goals" corresponds to "**give yourself rewards**."

⚠️ Potential Traps: The speaker says "**some people advise writing goals down but I think it's better to have a flexible approach**" which may confuse some.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay attention to the **advice the speaker explicitly supports** not the advice they mention and then dismiss.

So if you are one of those people who hasn’t found the perfect physical activity yet, here are some things to think about which might help you make the right decision for you. The first question to ask yourself is whether you would enjoy training in a gym. Many people are put off by the idea of having to fit a visit to the gym into their busy day. You often have to go very early or late as some gyms can get very crowded but with regular training you’ll see a **big difference in a relatively short space of time** (📍Q11).

**Running** has become incredibly popular in recent years. That’s probably got a lot to do with the fact that it’s a very accessible form of exercise that **anyone can run even if you could only run a few meters to begin with** (📍Q12). But make sure you get the right shoes. It’s worth investing in a high quality pair and they don’t come cheap. Another great thing about running is that you can do it at any time of day or night. The only thing that may stop you is snow and ice.

**Swimming** is another really good way to build fitness. What attracts many people is that you can swim in an indoor pool at **any time of year** (📍Q13). On the other hand, it can be quite boring or solitary. It’s hard to chat to people while you’re swimming lengths.

**Cycling** has become almost as popular as running in recent years. That’s probably because as well as improving their fitness many people say being out in the fresh air in a park or in the countryside can be **fun** (📍Q14), provided the conditions are right of course. Only fanatics go out in the wind and rain.

**Yoga** is a good choice for those of you looking for exercise, which focuses on developing both a healthy mind and body. It’s a good way of building strength and with the right instructor there’s **less chance of hurting yourself** (📍Q15) than with other more active sports. But don’t expect to find it easy. It can be surprisingly challenging, especially for people who aren’t very flexible. Getting a **personal trainer** is a good way to start your fitness program. Obviously there can be significant costs involved. But if you’ve got someone there to **encourage you** and help you achieve your goals, you’re **less likely to give up** (📍Q16). Make sure you get someone with a recognised qualification though. Or you could do yourself permanent damage.

Whatever you do, don’t join a gym and you’re sure you’ll make good use of it. So many people waste lots of money by signing up for membership and then hardly ever go. What happens to their good intentions? I don’t think people suddenly stop caring about improving their fitness or decide they have more important things to do. I think people lose interest when they **don’t think they’re making enough progress**. That’s when they give up hope and stop believing they’ll ever achieve their goals. Also, what people sometimes don’t realize when they start is that it takes a lot of **determination and hard work** to keep training week after week, and lots of people don’t have that kind of **commitment** (📍Q17&Q18). **One thing you can do to help yourself is to set manageable goals** (📍Q19), be realistic and don’t push yourself too far. Some people advise writing goes down but I think it’s better to have a flexible approach. **Give yourself a really nice treat** every time you reach one of your goals (📍Q20) and don’t get too upset if you experience setbacks. It’s a journey. There are bound to be difficulties along the way.

📝 Question 21: "What first inspired Jim to choose this project?"

🔹 Correct Answer: C (a family holiday)

📍 Location in Audio Script: "Years ago, I went to a carpet shop with my parents when we were on **holiday in Turkey**, and I remember all the **amazing colours** (📍Q21)."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The audio directly states that the memory of colors in a carpet shop in **Turkey** inspired him, linking to a "**family holiday**."

⚠️ Potential Traps: **Jim** mentions visiting a **museum** with a textile exhibition, which might be a distractor.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Identify the **specific first inspiration**, not all the sources of inspiration.

📝 Question 22: "Jim eventually decided to do a practical investigation which involved"

🔹 Correct Answer: A (using a range of dyes on multiple fibres)

📍 Location in Audio Script: "Then I decided to include others as well, so I looked at **cotton and wool and nylon** (📍Q22)." and "**Various types** [of dye], including some that weren’t natural, for comparison."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The speaker mentions **different types of fibers** and **various types of dye**, indicating **multiple fibers** with a **range of dyes**.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The audio mentions a plan to use **one type of fibre** which **Jim changed** to include more.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay attention to how the project **evolved** and not just the initial plan.

📝 Question 23: "When doing his experiments Jim was surprised by"

🔹 Correct Answer: A (how much natural material was needed)

📍 Location in Audio Script: "Like I was using one vegetable, beetroot, for a red dye, and I had to **chop up a whole pile of it** (📍Q23). So it all took longer than I’d expected."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The speaker was surprised by **how much beetroot he needed** to chop to create the dye, which indicates "**how much natural material was needed**."

⚠️ Potential Traps: **Jim's** experiments took **longer than expected**, but the question is asking for **what he was surprised by**.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on **what aspect surprised him** in the practical investigation.

📝 Question 24: "What problem did Jim have with using tartrazine as a fabric dye?"

🔹 Correct Answer: B (it was not a permanent dye on cotton)

📍 Location in Audio Script: "It came out a great colour, but when I rinsed the material, the **colour just washed away** (📍Q24)."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The audio states that the color "**just washed away**", which means it was "**not a permanent dye on cotton**."

⚠️ Potential Traps: The audio mentions **health issues** but not that **Jim** experienced one when using it.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Listen for the **specific issue with the use of the dye**, not general facts about it.

📝 Question 25: "turmeric"

🔹 Correct Answer: C (not permanent)

📍 Location in Audio Script: "but you might find it’s **not permanent** when it’s used as a dye – a few washes, and it’s **gone** (📍Q25)."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The audio indicates that it is "**not permanent**" when used as a dye.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The speaker mentions it is good for health, but this is **not relevant to its use as a dye**.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on the **dye's limitations** and not general facts about the item.

📝 Question 26: "Beetroot"

🔹 Correct Answer: F (unexpected color)

📍 Location in Audio Script: "...but the wool ended up just a sort of **watery cream shade** (📍Q26). Disappointing."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The speaker says that beetroot usually leaves "bright red hands" but the wool ended up a "**watery cream shade**", which is an "**unexpected**" color.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The speaker mentions that it is "**disappointing**", but it is not the reason why it was disappointing.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on the **description of the final dye color**.

📝 Question 27: "Tyrian purple"

🔹 Correct Answer: H (not generally available)

📍 Location in Audio Script: "...it was worn in ancient times but only by important people as it was **so rare** (📍Q27). I didn’t use it."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The speaker mentions it was "**rare**", which makes it **not** "**generally available**."

⚠️ Potential Traps: The speaker also mentions that it is a type of dye, but **didn't use it himself**.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Listen for the **reasons why Jim did not use the dye**.

📝 Question 28: "Logwood"

🔹 Correct Answer: D (very poisonous)

📍 Location in Audio Script: "Good. It can be **extremely dangerous if it’s ingested** (📍Q28)."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The audio states that it is "**extremely dangerous if it's ingested**," meaning it's **very poisonous**.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The speaker mentions **being careful and wearing gloves** but it does not state why.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Listen for the **dangers or risks** associated with the item.

📝 Question 29: "cochineal"

🔹 Correct Answer: A (expensive)

📍 Location in Audio Script: "I managed to get the dye quite easily from a website. But it **cost a fortune** (📍Q29)."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: "**cost a fortune**" means it was **expensive**.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The speaker mentions that they **didn't make the dye**.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Note the **costs of the dye** as an indicator of its limitations.

📝 Question 30: "metal oxide"

🔹 Correct Answer: E (can damage the fabric)

📍 Location in Audio Script: "But you have to be careful as the **metal can actually affect the fabric** (📍Q30) and so you can’t expect to get a lot of wear out of fabrics treated in this way."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The audio says the "**metal can actually affect the fabric**" and therefore it "**can damage the fabric**."

⚠️ Potential Traps: The speaker also mentions **colors are subtle** which is not a problem but a characteristic.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on what is described as the **primary drawback**.

TUTOR:             OK, **Jim**. You wanted to see me about your textile design project.

JIM:                   That’s right. I’ve been looking at how a range of natural dyes can be used to colour fabrics like cotton and wool.

TUTOR:             Why did you choose that topic?

JIM:                   Well, I got a lot of useful ideas from the museum, you know, at that exhibition of textiles. But I’ve always been interested in anything to do with colour. Years ago, I went to a carpet shop with my parents when we were on **holiday in Turkey**, and I remember all the **amazing colours** (📍Q21).

TUTOR:             They might not all have been natural dyes.

JIM:                   Maybe not, but for the project I decided to follow it up. And I found a great book about a botanic garden in California that specialises in plants used for dyes.

TUTOR:             OK. So, in your project, you had to include a practical investigation.

JIM:                   Yeah. At first I couldn’t decide on my variables. I was going to just look at one type of fibre for example, like cotton …

TUTOR:             … and see how different types of dyes affected it?

JIM:                   Yes. Then I decided to include others as well, so I looked at **cotton and wool and nylon** (📍Q22).

TUTOR:             With just one type of dye?

JIM:                       Various types, including some that weren’t natural, for comparison.

TUTOR:             OK.

JIM:                   So, I did the experiments last week. I used some ready-made natural dyes. I found a website which supplied them, they came in just a few days, but I also made some of my own.

TUTOR:             That must have taken quite a bit of time.

JIM:                   Yes, I’d thought it’d just be a matter of a teaspoon or so of dye, and actually that wasn’t the case at all. Like I was using one vegetable, beetroot, for a red dye, and I had to **chop up a whole pile of it** (📍Q23). So it all took longer than I’d expected.

TUTOR:             One possibility is to use food colourings.

JIM:                   I did use one. That was a yellow dye, an artificial one.

TUTOR:             Tartrazine?

JIM:                   Yeah. I used it on cotton first. It came out a great colour, but when I rinsed the material, the **colour just washed away** (📍Q24). I’d been going to try it out on nylon, but I abandoned that idea.

TUTOR:             Were you worried about health issues?

JIM:                   I’d thought if it’s a legal food colouring, it must be safe.

TUTOR:             Well, it can occasionally cause allergic reactions, I believe.

TUTOR:             So what natural dyes did you look at?

JIM:                   Well, one was **turmeric**. The colour’s great, it’s a really strong yellow. It’s generally used in dishes like curry.

TUTOR:             It’s meant to be quite good for your health when eaten, but you might find it’s **not permanent** when it’s used as a dye – a few washes, and it’s **gone** (📍Q25).

JIM:                   Right. I used **beetroot** as a dye for wool. When I chop up beetroot to eat I always end up with bright red hands, but the wool ended up just a sort of **watery cream shade** (📍Q26). Disappointing.

TUTOR:             There’s a natural dye called **Tyrian purple**. Have you heard of that?

JIM:                   Yes. It comes from a shellfish, and it was worn in ancient times but only by important people as it was **so rare** (📍Q27). I didn’t use it.

TUTOR:             It fell out of use centuries ago, though one researcher managed to get hold of some recently. But that shade of purple can be produced by chemical dyes nowadays. Did you use any black dyes?

JIM:                   **Logwood**. That was quite complicated. I had to prepare the fabric so the dye would take.

TUTOR:             I hope you were careful to wear gloves.

JIM:                   Yes. I know the danger with that dye.

TUTOR:             Good. It can be **extremely dangerous if it’s ingested** (📍Q28). Now, presumably you had a look at an insect-based dye? Like **cochineal**, for example?

JIM:                   Yes. I didn’t actually make that, I didn’t have time to start crushing up insects to get the red colour and anyway they’re not available here, but I managed to get the dye quite easily from a website. But it **cost a fortune** (📍Q29). I can see why it’s generally just used in cooking, and in small quantities.

TUTOR:             Yes, it’s very effective, but that’s precisely why it’s not used as a dye.

JIM:                   I also read about using **metal oxide**. Apparently you can allow iron to rust while it’s in contact with the fabric, and that colours it.

TUTOR:             Yes, that works well for dying cotton. But you have to be careful as the **metal can actually affect the fabric** (📍Q30) and so you can’t expect to get a lot of wear out of fabrics treated in this way. And the colours are quite subtle, not everyone likes them. Anyway, it looks as if you’ve done a lot of work …

📝 Question 31: "They are brown but recognizable by their blue 31 **tongue(s)** "

🔹 Correct Answer: tongue(s)

📍 Location in Audio Script: "...but what’s particularly distinctive about them is the colour of their **tongue**, which is **dark blue** (📍Q31)..."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The audio states that the "**colour of their tongue...is dark blue**."

⚠️ Potential Traps: The audio mentions the lining of the **mouth is bright pink**, which could confuse the listener.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on the **specific body part and its color**.

📝 Question 32: "Their diet consists mainly of 32 **plants** "

🔹 Correct Answer: plants

📍 Location in Audio Script: "...but they **mostly eat plants** (📍Q32) of varying kinds."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The audio states they "**mostly eat plants** of varying kinds."

⚠️ Potential Traps: **Insects** and **small animals** are mentioned, but the question is asking for what is "**mainly**" their diet.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Listen for the word "**mainly**" to understand their **predominant diet**.

📝 Question 33: "Their main predators are large birds and 33 **snakes** "

🔹 Correct Answer: snakes

📍 Location in Audio Script: "...but **nowadays** they’re more likely to be caught and killed by **snakes** (📍Q33)."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The audio states that "**they’re more likely to be caught and killed by snakes nowadays**."

⚠️ Potential Traps: The audio mentions **cassowaries**, which were main predators in the **past**, but the question asks about the **current** predators.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Be careful to note if the information relates to the **past or the present**.

📝 Question 34: "One study found that lizards can use the 34 **sky** to help them navigate"

🔹 Correct Answer: sky

📍 Location in Audio Script: "...they could usually find their way back home as long as they could see the **sky** (📍Q34) – they didn’t need any other landmarks on the ground."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The audio says they can find their way back home "**as long as they could see the sky**."

⚠️ Potential Traps: The audio also mentions "**landmarks on the ground**" but states they **don't need them**.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Note the specific **element they rely on to navigate**.

📝 Question 35: "Observations show that these lizards keep the same 35 **partner(s)** for several years"

🔹 Correct Answer: partner(s)

📍 Location in Audio Script: "...it seems that they’re relatively monogamous, returning to the **same partner year after year** (📍Q35)."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The audio states "**returning to the same partner year after year**".

⚠️ Potential Traps: None.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Note how they relate to each other and their **long term connections**.

📝 Question 36: "To improve the survival of their young (but little 36 **contact** has been noted between parents and children)"

🔹 Correct Answer: contact

📍 Location in Audio Script: "...they have **hardly any contact** (📍Q36) with their parents."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The audio says they "**have hardly any contact with their parents**".

⚠️ Potential Traps: The audio mentions parents **protecting their young** but they have **no contact after they are hatched**.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Be aware of the **specific nature of interactions**.

📝 Question 37: "To provide 37 **protection** for female lizards"

🔹 Correct Answer: protection

📍 Location in Audio Script: "...So maybe the male lizards stay around so they can give the female lizards **protection** (📍Q37) from other males."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The audio states "the male lizards stay around so they can give the female lizards **protection**".

⚠️ Potential Traps: None.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Listen to how the **monogamy benefits females**.

📝 Question 38: "A study was carried out using GPS systems attached to the 38 **tail(s)** of the lizards"

🔹 Correct Answer: tail(s)

📍 Location in Audio Script: "...and we fixed this onto their **tails** (📍Q38)."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The audio says that the GPS system was "**fixed onto their tails**".

⚠️ Potential Traps: None.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay attention to the **specific body part** mentioned.

📝 Question 39: "This provided information on the lizards’ location and even the number of 39 **steps** taken"

🔹 Correct Answer: steps

📍 Location in Audio Script: "...but even about how many **steps** (📍Q39) they took during this period."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The audio mentions "**how many steps they took**."

⚠️ Potential Traps: None.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Note **what specific data** was collected.

📝 Question 40: "This may be in order to reduce chances of 40 **injury/injuries** "

🔹 Correct Answer: injury/injuries

📍 Location in Audio Script: "...but one hypothesis is that male lizards can cause quite serious **injuries** to one another, so maybe this avoidance is a way of **preventing this** (📍Q40) – of self-preservation, if you like."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The speaker explains that avoidance could reduce the chances of "**serious injuries**".

⚠️ Potential Traps: The speaker mentions "**self-preservation**" which might be a distractor.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on **why the avoidance might be beneficial**.

Last week, we started looking at reptiles, including crocodiles and snakes. Today, I’d like us to have a look at another reptile – the lizard – and in particular, at some studies that have been done on a particular type of lizard whose Latin name is **tiliqua rugosa**. This is commonly known as the sleepy lizard, because it’s quite slow in its movements and spends quite a lot of its time dozing under rocks or lying in the sun.

I’ll start with a general description. Sleepy lizards live in Western and South Australia, where they’re quite common. Unlike European lizards, which are mostly small, green and fast-moving, sleepy lizards are brown, but what’s particularly distinctive about them is the colour of their **tongue**, which is **dark blue** (📍Q31), in contrast with the lining of their mouth which is bright pink. And they’re much bigger than most European lizards. They have quite a varied diet, including insects and even small animals, but they **mostly eat plants** (📍Q32) of varying kinds.

Even though they’re quite large and powerful, with strong jaws that can crush beetles and snail shells, they still have quite a few predators. Large birds like cassowaries were one of the main ones in the past, but **nowadays** they’re more likely to be caught and killed by **snakes** (📍Q33). Actually, another threat to their survival isn’t a predator at all, but is man-made – quite a large number of sleepy lizards are killed by cars when they’re trying to cross highways.

One study carried out by **Michael Freake** at Flinders University investigated the methods of navigation of these lizards. Though they move slowly, they can travel quite long distances. And he found that even if they were taken some distance away from their home territory, they could usually find their way back home as long as they could see the **sky** (📍Q34) – they didn’t need any other landmarks on the ground.

Observations of these lizards in the wild have also revealed that their mating habits are quite unusual. Unlike most animals, it seems that they’re relatively monogamous, returning to the **same partner year after year** (📍Q35). And the male and female also stay together for a long time, both before and after the birth of their young.

It’s quite interesting to think about the possible reasons for this. It could be that it’s to do with protecting their young – you’d expect them to have a much better chance of survival if they have both parents around. But in fact observers have noted that once the babies have hatched out of their eggs, they have **hardly any contact** (📍Q36) with their parents. So, there’s not really any evidence to support that idea.

Another suggestion’s based on the observation that male lizards in monogamous relationships tend to be bigger and stronger than other males. So maybe the male lizards stay around so they can give the female lizards **protection** (📍Q37) from other males. But again, we’re not really sure.

Finally, I’d like to mention another study that involved collecting data by tracking the lizards. I was actually involved in this myself. So we caught some lizards in the wild and we developed a tiny GPS system that would allow us to track them, and we fixed this onto their **tails** (📍Q38). Then we set the lizards free again, and we were able to track them for twelve days and gather data, not just about their location, but even about how many **steps** (📍Q39) they took during this period.

One surprising thing we discovered from this is that there were far fewer meetings between lizards than we expected – it seems that they were actually trying to avoid one another. So why would that be? Well, again we have no clear evidence, but one hypothesis is that male lizards can cause quite serious **injuries** to one another, so maybe this avoidance is a way of **preventing this** (📍Q40) – of self-preservation, if you like. But we need to collect a lot more data before we can be sure of any of this.