تحلیل ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک کمبریج 12 - تست 3: بررسی سوالات، نکات کلیدی و استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی

مقدمه: 

بخش ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک یکی از مهارت‌های حیاتی در آزمون آیلتس است که نیازمند درک سریع و دقیق متون علمی، مدیریت زمان و تسلط بر انواع سوالات می‌باشد. در این مقاله، تحلیل تست ۳ ریدینگ از کتاب آیلتس کمبریج ۱۲ (Cambridge IELTS 12) را ارائه می‌دهیم. هدف ما بررسی ساختار متن‌ها، استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی و نکات کلیدی برای کمک به داوطلبان در کسب نمره بهتر در این بخش است. این تست شامل سه متن آکادمیک است که به ترتیب سطح دشواری آن‌ها افزایش می‌یابد. داوطلبان باید با انواع سوالات مانند True/False/Not Given، Matching Headings، Multiple Choice و Summary Completion آشنا باشند و استراتژی‌های مناسبی برای هر نوع سوال اتخاذ کنند. در این مقاله، به بررسی نکات کلیدی متن‌ها، تحلیل دقیق سوالات، شناسایی اشتباهات رایج و ارائه روش‌های بهینه برای بهبود سرعت و دقت در پاسخ‌دهی خواهیم پرداخت. با مطالعه این راهنما، می‌توانید نقاط ضعف خود را تقویت کرده و عملکرد بهتری در بخش ریدینگ آیلتس داشته باشید. 

برای دیدن بقیه‌ی تحلیل‌ها به لینک زیر بروید:

پالت ناوبری سوالات

QUESTIONS 1-7 (Passage 1: Galápagos Tortoises) - Matching Headings

📝 Question 1:

Paragraph A

🔹 Correct Answer: v (Tortoises populate the islands)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph A
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph A details how tortoises "colonised the islands" from the mainland and adapted to different environments, leading to multiple subspecies. This clearly describes how the islands were populated by tortoises.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the act of colonization/settlement with the later evolution/adaptation aspect.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The use of terms like "colonised" and "ancestral tortoises settled" points directly to the initial population of the islands.

📝 Question 2:

Paragraph B

🔹 Correct Answer: iii (Developments to the disadvantage of tortoise populations)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: This paragraph discusses the negative impact of human arrival: exploitation by pirates and whaling ships for food and oil, and subsequent hunting, habitat destruction, and introduction of invasive species by settlers. All are factors leading to the disadvantage/decline of tortoise populations.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing only on one negative factor, like whaling, and missing the broader theme of decline.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for a paragraph dominated by terms indicating harm or destruction ("exploitation," "hunted," "destroyed their habitat").

📝 Question 3:

Paragraph C

🔹 Correct Answer: viii (The start of the conservation project)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph begins by noting the severely reduced population ("only 11 of the original subspecies survive") and then states: "In 1989, work began on a tortoise-breeding centre... dedicated to protecting the island’s tortoise populations." This marks the beginning of the organized conservation effort.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the breeding centre's establishment (start of conservation) with the later reintroduction events (D-G).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for a specific date and an event like the establishment of a 'centre' dedicated to protection.

📝 Question 4:

Paragraph D

🔹 Correct Answer: i (The importance of getting the timing right)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph D
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: This paragraph discusses the ideal window for reintroduction: after 5 years old/4.5 kg (safe from predators) but before they get too large for transport. The entire section is focused on finding the critical right time.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing only on the minimum age/weight and missing the maximum size restriction that creates the timing issue.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for a discussion of minimum and maximum limits or a 'window' of opportunity, which confirms a timing issue.

📝 Question 5:

Paragraph E

🔹 Correct Answer: iv (Planning a bigger idea)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph E
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph describes a meeting in 2010 to "work out more ambitious reintroduction." The new plan was to use a helicopter to move 300 tortoises, a scale much larger than previous efforts.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing on the specific people involved rather than the scale and ambition of the new plan.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for descriptive words like "ambitious" and details like "helicopter" and "300 tortoises" to indicate a larger scale plan.

📝 Question 6:

Paragraph F

🔹 Correct Answer: vi (Carrying out a carefully prepared operation)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph F
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: This section describes the meticulous logistics: a yacht, a provided helicopter, custom-made crate, and a "carefully laid trail" of food. This is detailed evidence of a carefully prepared operation being carried out.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the planning stage (E) with the detailed execution stage (F).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for a focus on logistical details (yacht, crate, trail of food) that demonstrates careful preparation and execution.

📝 Question 7:

Paragraph G

🔹 Correct Answer: ii (Young meets old)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph G
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph describes the encounter between "one tiny tortoise" (the young, newly released) and "a fully grown giant who had been lumbering around the island for around a hundred years" (the old). This is a literal and symbolic meeting of young and old.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing only on the symbolism ("regeneration") and missing the literal description of the two animals.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for a comparison/interaction between two contrasting subjects ("tiny tortoise" vs. "fully grown giant").

QUESTIONS 8-13 (Passage 1: Galápagos Tortoises) - Note Completion

📝 Question 8:

17th century: small numbers taken onto ships used by 8....

🔹 Correct Answer: pirates
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states: "From the 17th century onwards, pirates took a few on board for food." This is a direct match for the group using the ships in the 17th century.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "whaling ships," which is mentioned later for the 1790s.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Use the date (17th century) as a key search term for accurate placement.

📝 Question 9:

1790s: very large numbers taken onto whaling ships, kept for 9..., and also used to produce 10....

🔹 Correct Answer: food
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text mentions that tortoises "were taken on board these ships to act as food supplies during long ocean passages." The note uses the synonym "kept for."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "supplies," which is part of the descriptive phrase "food supplies." The core answer is food.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on the noun that is the purpose ("food"), not the surrounding descriptive words.

📝 Question 10:

1790s: very large numbers taken onto whaling ships, kept for 9..., and also used to produce 10....

🔹 Correct Answer: oil
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states: "Sometimes, their bodies were processed into high-grade oil." This identifies the second product made from the tortoises.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using a word like "bodies" or "processed."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "used to produce" points directly to the end product: oil.

📝 Question 11:

Hunted by 11... on the islands

🔹 Correct Answer: settlers
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text says: "This historical exploitation was then exacerbated when settlers came to the islands. They hunted the tortoises and destroyed their habitat." Settlers were the group who continued the hunting on the islands.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the hunting done by settlers with the removal by ships/pirates.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the group associated with on-island hunting and habitat destruction.

📝 Question 12:

Habitat destruction: for the establishment of agriculture and by various 12... not native to the islands, which also fed on baby tortoises and tortoises’ 13....

🔹 Correct Answer: species
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text lists "cattle, pigs, goats, rats and dogs" and refers to them collectively as "alien species" that were introduced and preyed on the tortoises.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using one of the listed animals (e.g., "dogs") instead of the collective term the question implies (various...).
⭐ Key Learning Point: When a list of nouns is given (cattle, pigs, etc.), the encompassing term is often the correct answer for a question using "various."

📝 Question 13:

Habitat destruction: for the establishment of agriculture and by various 12... not native to the islands, which also fed on baby tortoises and tortoises’ 13....

🔹 Correct Answer: eggs
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage says these introduced species "either prey on the eggs and young tortoises or damage or destroy their habitat." The note mentions "baby tortoises" (young tortoises) and requires the second item they fed on.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "habitat" or "young tortoises."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The word "and" in the note is the clue to look for the second item in the phrase "prey on the eggs and young tortoises."

QUESTIONS 14-19 (Passage 2: Health Geography) - Matching Information

📝 Question 14:

an acceptance that not all diseases can be totally eliminated

🔹 Correct Answer: D
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph D
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph D states: "While people will always be prone to illness, the study of how geography affects our health could lead to the eradication of certain illnesses, and the prevention of others in the future." The phrase "people will always be prone to illness" confirms the acceptance that not all diseases can be eliminated.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing only on the positive part (eradication of *certain* illnesses) and missing the overarching caveat.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for a contrasting clause starting with 'While' that limits the success of health geography.

📝 Question 15:

examples of physical conditions caused by human behaviour

🔹 Correct Answer: C
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph C lists the human activities (cars, coal-powered factories) that create pollution, leading to physical conditions like "asthma, lung problems, eyesight issues and more." These are the examples of physical conditions.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing this with geographically caused diseases (Malaria/B). This section specifically links the causes to human industry/driving.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The combination of a human activity cause (smog, pollution) and a resulting list of specific health issues (asthma, etc.).

📝 Question 16:

a reference to classifying diseases on the basis of how far they extend geographically

🔹 Correct Answer: F
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph F
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph states that researchers "work to create a clear way of categorizing illnesses, diseases and epidemics into local and global scales." Categorizing based on scale (local/global) is a classification based on geographical extent.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Looking for a classification based on *cause* rather than *extent*.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for words like "categorizing" or "classifying" followed by terms defining size or scope (local and global scales).

📝 Question 17:

reasons why the level of access to healthcare can vary within a country

🔹 Correct Answer: G
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph G
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph G explains that there is often a "very large discrepancy between the options available to people in different social classes, income brackets, and levels of education." These are reasons for variation (discrepancy) within a nation.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing on the physical barriers (mountain) and missing the non-physical, socio-economic factors that cause the variation.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The word "discrepancy" (variation) followed by a list of socio-economic factors (class, income, education) is the key.

📝 Question 18:

a description of health geography as a mixture of different academic fields

🔹 Correct Answer: D
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph D
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage defines the field: "Health geography is the combination of, on the one hand, knowledge regarding geography and methods... and on the other, the study of health, diseases and healthcare practices around the world." This explicitly states it is a combination (mixture) of different studies.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using a paragraph that describes the *function* of health geography, not its *composition*.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The core phrase "Health geography is the combination of..." provides a definition emphasizing its mixed composition.

📝 Question 19:

a description of the type of area where a particular illness is rare

🔹 Correct Answer: B
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph B contrasts malaria-prone areas (tropical/damp) with the type of area where it is rare: "Malaria is much less of a problem in high-altitude deserts, for instance." This describes the area where the illness (malaria) is rare.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing only on the areas where it is prevalent, not where it is rare.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for a comparative phrase like "much less of a problem" (rare) that refers to a specific geographic location ("high-altitude deserts").

QUESTIONS 20-26 (Passage 2: Health Geography) - Sentence Completion

📝 Question 20:

Certain diseases have disappeared, thanks to better .... and healthcare.

🔹 Correct Answer: vaccinations
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph A
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states: "While many diseases that affect humans have been eradicated due to improvements in vaccinations and the availability of healthcare." "Improvements in" is implied by "better."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using a word like "improvements" or "availability."
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the noun that is paired with "healthcare" as a cause of disease eradication.

📝 Question 21:

Because there is more contact between people, .... are losing their usefulness.

🔹 Correct Answer: antibiotics
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph A
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states: "As a result, super-viruses and other infections resistant to antibiotics are becoming more and more common." The resistance means the antibiotics are losing their usefulness.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "super-viruses" or "infections," which are the *result*, not the solution that is becoming useless.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "resistant to" is the clue for something losing its usefulness.

📝 Question 22:

Disease-causing .... are most likely to be found in hot, damp regions.

🔹 Correct Answer: mosquitoes
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage describes tropical regions as a "warm and damp environment in which the mosquitos that can give people this disease can grow." Mosquitoes are the disease-causing organism that thrives in these conditions.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "Malaria," which is the disease, not the organism.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the living creature associated with the disease and the specific habitat ("warm and damp environment").

📝 Question 23:

One cause of pollution is .... that burn a particular fuel.

🔹 Correct Answer: factories
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text mentions the problem of "factories that run on coal power." Factories are the entity that burns the fuel (coal).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "cars," which are also a cause but are not described as burning a *particular fuel* in the same clause.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Find the noun that fits the structure: "[Noun] that run on [fuel]."

📝 Question 24:

The growth of cities often has an impact on nearby ....

🔹 Correct Answer: forests
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states: "The rapid industrialisation of some countries... has also led to the cutting down of forests to allow for the expansion of big cities." Cutting down forests is a clear impact on this nearby feature.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "air" or "plants."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "cutting down... to allow for the expansion of big cities" is the key context for finding forests.

📝 Question 25:

.... is one disease that is growing after having been eradicated.

🔹 Correct Answer: Polio
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph D
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text lists the problem: "a world where diseases like polio are re-emerging." Re-emerging means it is growing after having been previously eradicated.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "respiratory diseases," which are spreading but not specified as having been eradicated.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The verb "re-emerging" is the synonym for "growing after having been eradicated."

📝 Question 26:

A physical barrier such as a .... can prevent people from reaching a hospital.

🔹 Correct Answer: mountain
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph G
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage gives the example: "it may be very difficult for people to get medical attention because there is a mountain between their village and the nearest hospital." A mountain is the physical barrier.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "village" or "hospital."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The context "between their village and the nearest hospital" describes the location of the barrier: mountain.

QUESTIONS 27-31 (Passage 3: The Montreal Study) - Summary Completion (Two Words or Less)

📝 Question 27:

... in two of the parts of the brain which are associated with feeling 28. ....

🔹 Correct Answer: dopamine
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text says: "The first thing they discovered is that music triggers the production of dopamine... by the neurons (nerve cells) in both the dorsal and ventral regions of the brain." Dopamine is the substance released.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "neurons" or "chemical."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "triggers the production of" leads to the name of the chemical substance: dopamine.

📝 Question 28:

... in two of the parts of the brain which are associated with feeling 28. ....

🔹 Correct Answer: pleasure
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text mentions that the two regions "have long been linked with the experience of pleasure." This is the feeling associated with those brain parts.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "moods," which is too general.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "linked with the experience of" is the clue for the resulting feeling: pleasure.

📝 Question 29:

Researchers also observed that the neurons in the area of the brain called the 29.... were particularly active just before the participants’ favourite moments in the music – the period known as the 30....

🔹 Correct Answer: caudate
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states: "What is rather more significant is the finding that the dopamine neurons in the caudate – a region of the brain involved in learning... and in anticipating... were at their most active around 15 seconds before the participants’ favourite moments." The brain area is the caudate.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "dopamine neurons," which are the cells *within* the area.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the specific anatomical location associated with anticipation.

📝 Question 30:

Researchers also observed that the neurons in the area of the brain called the 29.... were particularly active just before the participants’ favourite moments in the music – the period known as the 30.....

🔹 Correct Answer: anticipatory phase
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text explicitly names the period: "The researchers call this the ‘anticipatory phase’ and argue that the purpose of this activity is to help us predict the arrival of our favourite part." This is a direct definition match.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "acoustic climax" or "chills."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "period known as the" is a strong cue for the technical name: anticipatory phase.

📝 Question 31:

Activity in this part of the brain is associated with the expectation of ‘reward’ stimuli such as 31. ....

🔹 Correct Answer: food
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text describes the caudate as "a region of the brain involved in learning... and in anticipating food and other ‘reward’ stimuli." Food is listed as the primary example of a reward stimulus.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "reward stimuli."
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the specific example that follows the introductory phrase "such as."

QUESTIONS 32-36 (Passage 3: The Montreal Study) - Multiple Choice

📝 Question 32:

What point does the writer emphasize in the first paragraph?

🔹 Correct Answer: B. how intense our physical responses to music can be
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph lists several physiological changes ("pupils in our eyes dilate, our pulse and blood pressure rise," blood re-directed to legs). The sheer number of symptoms and the closing line ("sound stirs us at our biological roots") emphasizes the intensity of the physical response.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing A (emotional response), which is less detailed than the listed *physical* symptoms.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The use of an extensive list of specific physiological reactions in the opening paragraph serves to emphasize the power/intensity of the effect.

📝 Question 33:

What view of the Montreal study does the writer express in the second paragraph?

🔹 Correct Answer: C. It produced some remarkably precise data.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The writer notes the combination of advanced technology (PET and fMRI) allowed scientists to "obtain an impressively exact and detailed portrait of music in the brain." "Impressively exact and detailed" is a clear synonym for remarkably precise data.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing A (straightforward design) or B (expensive technology); these are facts, while the precision is the expressed opinion (view) of the writer.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for adjectives used as positive commentary ("impressively exact," "detailed") to identify the writer's view.

📝 Question 34:

What does the writer find interesting about the results of the Montreal study?

🔹 Correct Answer: A. the timing of participants’ neural responses to the music
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph highlights the finding that dopamine neurons "were at their most active around 15 seconds before the participants’ favourite moments." The writer introduces this with, "What is rather more significant is the finding that..." The timing of the peak activity (the anticipatory phase) is the most interesting result.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing C (dopamine release), which is expected, whereas the *timing* of the release is the surprising element.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "more significant" is a strong clue to the most noteworthy finding, which is related to time (15 seconds before).

📝 Question 35:

Why does the writer refer to Meyer’s work on music and emotion?

🔹 Correct Answer: B. to offer support for the findings of the Montreal study
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraphs 4 and 5
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The writer asks in P3 why dopamine neurons are active *before* the pleasure. P4 states the answer lies in unpredictability, which leads to P5's introduction of Meyer's work to demonstrate this psychological principle. Meyer's theory about tension/unfulfilled expectations validates the study's anticipatory phase finding.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing A (explain an old idea); Meyer's work is used to explain the *new* findings.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "To demonstrate this psychological principle" (in P5) confirms the use of Meyer's work to support the point established in P4.

📝 Question 36:

According to Leonard Meyer, what causes the listener’s emotional response to music?

🔹 Correct Answer: D. the internal structure of the musical composition
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Meyer argued that "the emotions we find in music come from the unfolding events of the music itself. This ‘embodied meaning’ arises from the patterns the symphony invokes and then ignores." This refers to the composition's internal structure and manipulation of patterns.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing C (pictures and events), which the text states is the theory he *disagreed* with (earlier theories).
⭐ Key Learning Point: The distinction between connotative meaning (external reference) and "embodied meaning" (internal structure) is crucial.

QUESTIONS 37-40 (Passage 3: The Montreal Study) - Sentence Endings

📝 Question 37:

The Montreal researchers discovered that...

🔹 Correct Answer: F. neuron activity increases prior to key points in a musical piece.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The finding showed that neurons were "at their most active around 15 seconds before the participants’ favourite moments." This directly matches the idea that activity increases prior to key points (favourite moments).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the 'most active' (peak) with the overall 'release' of dopamine.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the phrase involving peak activity and the time marker 'before'.

📝 Question 38:

Many studies have demonstrated that...

🔹 Correct Answer: B. neuron activity decreases if outcomes become predictable.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text mentions: "Numerous studies, after all, have demonstrated that dopamine neurons quickly adapt to predictable rewards." Adaptation means the activity lessens, and the consequence is boredom (decreased excitement/activity).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing F; F refers specifically to the Montreal study's finding, while the question asks about the results of "Many studies" (Numerous studies).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the words "Numerous studies" (Many studies) followed by the observation that adaptation occurs to predictable rewards.

📝 Question 39:

Meyer’s analysis of Beethoven’s music shows that...

🔹 Correct Answer: E. emotive music delays giving listeners what they expect to hear.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Meyer's analysis shows how Beethoven "carefully holds off repeating it" (the pattern) and "saves that chord for the end." Holding off repeating the expected pattern is a clear instance of delaying the expected element.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing A; the analysis is about *how* emotion is created (delay/suspense), not the emotion itself.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrases "holds off repeating it" and "saves that chord for the end" demonstrate the key action of delay.

📝 Question 40:

Earlier theories of music suggested that...

🔹 Correct Answer: C. emotive music can bring to mind actual pictures and events.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text contrasts Meyer's theory: "While earlier theories of music focused on the way a sound can refer to the real world of images and experiences - its ‘connotative’ meaning..." This is a direct match for bringing to mind pictures/events.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing D; Meyer's theory is the one that suggests the listener's struggle.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The comparison of "Earlier theories" with Meyer's theory is the key; look for the idea that Meyer was arguing against.