تحلیل ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک کمبریج 19 - تست 4: بررسی متن‌ها، سوالات و استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی

مقدمه

بخش ریدینگ آکادمیک آزمون آیلتس یکی از بخش‌های تعیین‌کننده در موفقیت داوطلبان است. مدیریت زمان، درک سریع متن و انتخاب پاسخ‌های صحیح، مهارت‌هایی هستند که نیاز به تمرین و تحلیل دقیق دارند. در این مقاله، به بررسی تست 2 ریدینگ از کتاب آیلتس کمبریج 19 (Cambridge IELTS 19) می‌پردازیم. این تست شامل سه متن علمی و دانشگاهی است که داوطلبان را با چالش‌هایی همچون درک مفاهیم پیچیده، تطبیق اطلاعات و پاسخ به سوالات متنوع روبه‌رو می‌کند. ما در اینجا نکات کلیدی هر متن، تکنیک‌های مؤثر برای پاسخ‌دهی و اشتباهات رایج را بررسی خواهیم کرد تا به شما کمک کنیم نمره بهتری در این بخش کسب کنید.

برای دیدن بقیه‌ی تحلیل‌ها به لینک زیر بروید:

QUESTIONS 1-6

📝 Question 1:
"Forty years ago, there were fewer butterflies in Britain than at present."

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location of the Answer: First sentence of the passage
🔹 Text of the Answer:
"According to conservationists, populations of around two-thirds of butterfly species have declined in Britain over the past 40 years."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer:
The passage states that butterfly populations have declined, meaning there were more butterflies in the past than now. Since the statement says the opposite, the answer is FALSE.
⚠️ Potential Traps:

• Misinterpreting "declined" as meaning increase rather than decrease.
  ⭐ Key Learning Point:
  Understand comparative time-based changes—"declined" means there were more butterflies in the past.

📝 Question 2:
"Caterpillars are eaten by a number of different predators."

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location of the Answer: First paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer:
"Caterpillars... consume vast quantities of plant material, and in turn act as prey for birds as well as bats and other small mammals."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer:
Since caterpillars are prey for multiple predators (birds, bats, and small mammals), the statement is TRUE.
⚠️ Potential Traps:

• Overlooking the phrase "a number of different predators"—this matches the passage exactly.
  ⭐ Key Learning Point:
  IELTS reading tests synonyms—"prey for" means "eaten by", and multiple species = different predators.

📝 Question 3:
"'Phenology' is a term used to describe a creature's ability to alter the location of a lifecycle event."

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location of the Answer: Second paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer:
"Phenology refers to the timing of such lifecycle events," explaining that it means when "an animal or plant starts to do something earlier in the year than it usually does."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer:
The passage defines phenology as related to timing, not location, making the statement FALSE.
⚠️ Potential Traps:

• Confusing "timing" with "location"—the passage focuses on when something happens, not where.
  ⭐ Key Learning Point:
  Pay close attention to definitions—even small differences in meaning can make an answer false.

📝 Question 4:
"Some species of butterfly have a reduced lifespan due to spring temperature increases."

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location of the Answer: Not mentioned in the passage
🔹 Analysis of the Answer:
The passage discusses the impact of spring temperature increases on butterflies, but it does not mention reduced lifespan. Since the passage neither confirms nor denies the statement, the answer is NOT GIVEN.
⚠️ Potential Traps:

• Assuming climate change automatically shortens lifespan—the passage does not state this.
  ⭐ Key Learning Point:
  If a specific detail is missing, the answer is NOT GIVEN, even if related topics are discussed.

📝 Question 5:
"There is a clear reason for the adaptations that butterflies are making to climate change."

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location of the Answer: Third paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer:
"The answer is still unknown, but a new study is seeking to answer these questions."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer:
The passage states that scientists do not yet know the reason for butterfly adaptations, contradicting the statement. Therefore, the answer is FALSE.
⚠️ Potential Traps:

• Assuming scientists have already found the reason—the passage says they are still researching it.
  ⭐ Key Learning Point:
  Watch for phrases indicating uncertainty—if something is "still unknown", it contradicts statements claiming certainty.

📝 Question 6:
"The data used in the study was taken from the work of amateur butterfly watchers."

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location of the Answer: Fourth paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer:
"Researchers pulled together data from millions of records that had been submitted by butterfly enthusiasts – people who spend their free time observing the activities of different species."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer:
Since butterfly enthusiasts (amateurs) provided the data, the statement is TRUE.
⚠️ Potential Traps:

• Misinterpreting "enthusiasts" as meaning professional scientists—the passage clarifies they are amateurs.
  ⭐ Key Learning Point:
  Identify who collected the data—in this case, non-professional butterfly watchers.

Questions 7-13

📝 Question 7:
 

🔹 Correct Answer: colonies
📍 Location of the Answer: Fifth paragraph of Reading Passage 1
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...whose colonies are up to a hundred strong..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The word colonies indicates that the Small Blue butterfly lives in large groups.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Misinterpreting colonies as referring to separate locations rather than groups of butterflies.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Understanding how descriptive words like strong can imply quantity and not just strength.

📝 Question 8:
 

🔹 Correct Answer: spring
📍 Location of the Answer: Fifth paragraph of Reading Passage 1
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...some develop into butterflies early in spring..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The phrase early in spring shows the seasonal timing of the butterfly’s development.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing spring with another season based on general knowledge rather than the text.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognizing time-related vocabulary like early in to pinpoint precise seasonal references.

📝 Question 9:
 

🔹 Correct Answer: endangered
📍 Location of the Answer: Sixth paragraph of Reading Passage 1
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...often described as Britain's most endangered butterfly..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The term endangered clearly signifies the butterfly's risk of extinction.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming rare means the same as endangered—they are related but not identical.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Knowing that endangered refers to a high risk of extinction, not just low numbers.

📝 Question 10:
 

🔹 Correct Answer: habitats
📍 Location of the Answer: Sixth paragraph of Reading Passage 1
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...is found only in coppiced woodland and limestone pavement habitats."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The word habitats refers to the specific environments where the species can survive.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Misreading habitats as locations without focusing on environmental suitability.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Understanding that habitats refer to the natural environments that support life.

📝 Question 11:
 

🔹 Correct Answer: Europe
📍 Location of the Answer: Seventh paragraph of Reading Passage 1
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...in continental Europe, to add a second generation in years that are sufficiently warm."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: This shows that the Silver-studded Blue is already capable of producing a second generation in Europe.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the location (Europe) with the effect (increased generations).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognizing geographical references and their connection to environmental changes.

📝 Question 12:
 

🔹 Correct Answer: southern
📍 Location of the Answer: Seventh paragraph of Reading Passage 1
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...The White Admiral of southern England..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The phrase southern England identifies the specific region where the butterfly is found.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming the butterfly is found throughout England rather than just in the south.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Being precise with regional and geographical references in reading passages.

📝 Question 13:
 

🔹 Correct Answer: diet
📍 Location of the Answer: Seventh paragraph of Reading Passage 1
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...the caterpillar exists solely on a diet of a plant called honeysuckle."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: This suggests that the limited food source could contribute to population decline.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing only on climate change and ignoring dietary restrictions as a factor.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognizing how exclusive dependence on a food source can impact survival.

Questions 14-17

📝 Question 14:
"reference to the rapidly increasing need for one raw material in the transport industry'"

🔹 Correct Answer: C
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph C
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...cobalt for electric car batteries and other metals to power technology and smartphones..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: This highlights the transport industry's increasing reliance on cobalt, a critical raw material for electric vehicle batteries.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing cobalt’s demand with other metals mentioned in the passage without focusing on its specific use in electric cars.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Understanding how specific materials are linked to industries (e.g., cobalt → electric vehicles).

📝 Question 15:
"a rough estimate of the area of the Earth covered by the oceans"

🔹 Correct Answer: F
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph F
🔹 Text of the Answer: "The oceans occupy around 70% of the planet..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: This provides a general estimate of how much of Earth's surface is covered by oceans.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Misinterpreting the statistic as referring to water volume rather than surface area.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognizing percentage-based facts and understanding their specific context.

📝 Question 16:
"how a particular underwater habitat, where minerals and organisms co-exist, is formed"

🔹 Correct Answer: E
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph E
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...are created when seawater meets volcanic magma..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: This describes the formation of hydrothermal vents, which support unique underwater ecosystems.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing hydrothermal vents with other underwater geological formations.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Identifying cause-and-effect relationships in scientific descriptions (e.g., seawater + magma → hydrothermal vents).

📝 Question 17:
"reference to the fact that the countries of the world have yet to agree on rules for the exploration of the seabed"

🔹 Correct Answer: D
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph D
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...the global regulatory framework is not yet drafted."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: This indicates that there are no agreed-upon international rules for seabed exploration.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming existing regulations are already in place when the passage states otherwise.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognizing legal and policy-related vocabulary in reading comprehension, such as framework, drafted, and regulations.

Questions 18-23

📝 Question 18:
"In Paragraph F, Mike Johnston states: 'It makes sense to explore this untapped potential in an environmentally sustainable way, instead of continually looking at the fast depleting land resources of the planet to meet society's rising needs.' "

🔹 Correct Answer: D
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph F
🔹 Text of the Answer: "It makes sense to explore this untapped potential in an environmentally sustainable way, instead of continually looking at the fast depleting land resources..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Mike Johnston supports shifting focus away from heavily mined land resources toward sustainable deep-sea exploration.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Misinterpreting his statement as promoting unrestricted deep-sea mining rather than a controlled approach.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Understanding contrast structures (e.g., instead of) in arguments to determine an author's stance.

📝 Question 19:
"Paragraph D states that '...the “new global gold rush” of deep-sea mining shares many features with past resource scrambles—including a general disregard for environmental and social impacts...'"

🔹 Correct Answer: B
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph D
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...a general disregard for environmental and social impacts..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Julie Hunter, Julian Aguon, and Pradeep Singh argue that deep-sea mining follows historical patterns of resource exploitation, ignoring its environmental and social consequences.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing economic concerns with social and environmental impacts.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognizing patterns in history and their application to modern issues (e.g., gold rush comparisons).

📝 Question 20:
"Paragraph B quotes Professor Mat Upton, who says: 'We’re looking at the bioactive potential of marine resources, to see if there are any more medicines or drugs down there before we destroy it forever...'"

🔹 Correct Answer: A
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph B
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...bioactive potential of marine resources... before we destroy it forever."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Professor Upton believes marine life could yield valuable medicines, which should be prioritized over mineral extraction.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Misinterpreting his statement as opposing all marine resource use rather than advocating for medical research over mining.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Understanding comparative prioritization in arguments (e.g., more worthwhile things to extract).

📝 Question 21:
"In Paragraph F, Verena Tunnicliffe is quoted as saying: 'Mining will be the greatest assault on deep-sea ecosystems ever inflicted by humans...'"

🔹 Correct Answer: E
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph F
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Mining will be the greatest assault on deep-sea ecosystems ever inflicted by humans..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Verena Tunnicliffe warns that deep-sea mining poses an unprecedented level of destruction to marine life.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming other human activities (e.g., overfishing, pollution) are included in her comparison.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognizing superlative language (greatest assault) to determine the degree of concern.

📝 Question 22:
"Paragraph D includes this statement from Mike Johnston: 'The oceans... are relatively unexplored... The surface of the Moon, Mars and even Venus have all been mapped and studied in much greater detail, leading marine scientists to commonly remark that, with respect to the deep sea, “We don’t yet know what we need to know.”'"

🔹 Correct Answer: B
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph D
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...The surface of the Moon, Mars and even Venus have all been mapped and studied in much greater detail..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: This highlights how little is known about the deep sea compared to space exploration.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming the statement supports mining when it actually emphasizes scientific uncertainty.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Identifying comparative reasoning in arguments (We know more about space than our own oceans).

📝 Question 23:
"Paragraph E first establishes the importance of hydrothermal vents for biodiversity and climate. It then presents a general concern about deep-sea mining's threat to the seabed. Dr. Copley's quote follows, stating, 'We don't want mining on them,' referring to the previously mentioned hydrothermal vents."

🔹 Correct Answer: C
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph E
🔹 Text of the Answer: "On deep sea vents, scientists are clear,’ says Dr Jon Copley of the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton: ‘We don’t want mining on them.’"
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Dr. Copley directly opposes mining on hydrothermal vents, emphasizing their environmental significance.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Overlooking the link between his opposition and the specific location (vents).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognizing specific habitats mentioned in scientific discussions and how they relate to environmental concerns.

Questions 24-26

📝 Question 24:
"In Paragraph C of Reading Passage 2, mining corporations argue that '...deep-sea mining could yield far superior ore to land mining with little, if any, waste.' "

🔹 Correct Answer: waste
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph C of Reading Passage 2
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...deep-sea mining could yield far superior ore to land mining with little, if any, waste."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The question asks for what mining companies claim can be avoided in deep-sea mining. The passage explicitly states that there will be little to no waste.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing words like pollution or damage instead of the precise term waste.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Identifying explicit negation (e.g., little, if any) to pinpoint key points in a passage.

📝 Question 25:
"Paragraph C of Reading Passage 2 mentions, 'Different methods of extraction exist, but most involve employing some form of converted machinery previously used in terrestrial mining to excavate materials from the sea floor...'"

🔹 Correct Answer: machinery
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph C of Reading Passage 2
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...some form of converted machinery previously used in terrestrial mining..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The summary asks about an adaptation of something from land for deep-sea mining. The passage confirms this adaptation refers to machinery.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Misinterpreting machinery as tools or equipment, which are broader and less specific terms.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognizing technical terms related to industrial processes and their role in reading comprehension.

📝 Question 26:
"Paragraph D of Reading Passage 2 states, 'But environmental and legal groups have urged caution, arguing there are potentially massive and unknown ramifications for the environment and for nearby communities...'"

🔹 Correct Answer: caution
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph D of Reading Passage 2
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...urged caution, arguing there are potentially massive and unknown ramifications..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The summary suggests concern over unknown consequences. The passage states that groups urge caution, making it the correct answer.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using concern or hesitation instead of the precise word caution, which directly matches the passage.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognizing synonyms and paraphrasing techniques used in IELTS summaries to test comprehension.

Questions 27-30

📝 Question 27:
"The first paragraph of Reading Passage 3 starts by saying, 'There has long been a general assumption that human beings are essentially selfish.' "

🔹 Correct Answer: C – Describing a commonly held belief about people’s behavior
📍 Location of the Answer: First paragraph of Reading Passage 3
🔹 Text of the Answer: "There has long been a general assumption that human beings are essentially selfish."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage explains a widely accepted belief that humans are naturally selfish, competitive, and only act kindly for personal gain.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming the passage is discussing a personal opinion rather than a general belief.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognizing general assumptions in reading passages and distinguishing them from the author’s personal stance.

📝 Question 28:
"In the second paragraph, the author states that Richard Dawkins's book The Selfish Gene '...became popular because it fitted so well with – and helped to justify – the competitive and individualistic ethos that was so prevalent in late 20th-century societies.' "

🔹 Correct Answer: C – It presented a view that was in line with the attitudes of its time.
📍 Location of the Answer: Second paragraph of Reading Passage 3
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...became popular because it fitted so well with – and helped to justify – the competitive and individualistic ethos..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage states that the book's success was due to its alignment with the dominant social and economic mindset of the late 20th century.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Misinterpreting the book’s popularity as being solely based on scientific accuracy rather than societal alignment.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Understanding how historical context influences the reception of ideas.

📝 Question 29:
"The fourth paragraph of Reading Passage 3 discusses the prehistoric era, noting, 'It’s important to remember that in the prehistoric era, the world was very sparsely populated... With such small population densities, it seems unlikely that prehistoric hunter-gatherer groups had to compete against each other for resources...'"

🔹 Correct Answer: B – Supplies of natural resources were probably relatively plentiful.
📍 Location of the Answer: Fourth paragraph of Reading Passage 3
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...it seems unlikely that prehistoric hunter-gatherer groups had to compete against each other for resources..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage suggests that due to low population density, resources were likely abundant and not a cause for competition.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing individual scarcity with overall resource availability—the passage argues that resources were plentiful, not that everyone had equal access.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognizing cause-and-effect reasoning in historical contexts (e.g., low population → high resource availability).

📝 Question 30:
"The passage introduces Bruce Knauft and his observations of contemporary hunter-gatherer groups in the fifth paragraph. The author then states, 'In view of the above, there seems little reason to assume that traits such as racism, warfare and male domination should have been selected by evolution – as they would have been of little benefit in the prehistoric era.' "

🔹 Correct Answer: A – Selfishness is a relatively recent development in human societies.
📍 Location of the Answer: Fifth paragraph of Reading Passage 3
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...there seems little reason to assume that traits such as racism, warfare and male domination should have been selected by evolution..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage argues that cooperative and egalitarian behaviors were more beneficial in early societies, suggesting that selfishness developed later.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming the passage states that selfishness never existed in early human history rather than emphasizing its lack of evolutionary advantage.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Distinguishing historical evidence from evolutionary assumptions in reading comprehension.

Questions 31-35

📝 Question 31:
"Paragraph 5 of Reading Passage 3 states that anthropologist Bruce Knauft describes hunter-gatherer societies as characterized by 'extreme political and sexual egalitarianism.' "

🔹 Correct Answer: egalitarianism
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 5 of Reading Passage 3
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...characterized by extreme political and sexual egalitarianism."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage describes egalitarianism as a fundamental trait of hunter-gatherer societies, applying across multiple aspects of life.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing egalitarianism with equality—while related, egalitarianism refers to an overall social system.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Understanding sociopolitical terminology like egalitarianism and its broad application in human societies.

📝 Question 32:
"Paragraph 5 goes on to say that hunter-gatherers 'also have methods of preserving egalitarianism by ensuring that disparities of status don’t arise.' "

🔹 Correct Answer: status
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 5 of Reading Passage 3
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...ensuring that disparities of status don’t arise."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The summary asks about strategies to prevent differences—the passage explicitly states these strategies prevent inequalities in status.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing rank or hierarchy instead of status, which is the precise word used in the passage.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognizing synonyms and paraphrasing techniques in IELTS summary completion tasks.

📝 Question 33:
"In Paragraph 6, the passage provides an example: 'The !Kung people of southern Africa... swap arrows before going hunting and when an animal is killed, the acclaim does not go to the person who fired the arrow, but to the person the arrow belongs to.' "

🔹 Correct Answer: hunting
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 6 of Reading Passage 3
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...swap arrows before going hunting and when an animal is killed..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The summary refers to a custom related to success—the passage illustrates a tradition in hunting, where credit is distributed to maintain social equality.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using words like competition or game instead of hunting, which is the specific activity described.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Understanding cultural customs and their role in social structure in IELTS reading passages.

📝 Question 34:
"Paragraph 6 also mentions that 'if a person becomes too domineering, the other members of the group ostracise them, exiling the offender from society.' "

🔹 Correct Answer: domineering
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 6 of Reading Passage 3
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...if a person becomes too domineering, the other members of the group ostracise them..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The summary refers to individuals who face exclusion for a certain behavior—the passage states that being domineering leads to social rejection.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Choosing aggressive or arrogant instead of domineering, which directly refers to controlling behavior.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognizing behavioral descriptions and their consequences in social contexts.

📝 Question 35:
"The last sentence of Paragraph 6 notes that women in these groups 'often benefit from a high level of autonomy, being able to select their own marriage partners, decide what work they do and work whenever they choose to.' "

🔹 Correct Answer: autonomy
📍 Location of the Answer: Last sentence of Paragraph 6
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...benefit from a high level of autonomy, being able to select their own marriage partners, decide what work they do..."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage emphasizes women’s independence in decision-making regarding marriage and work, directly linking to autonomy.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using freedom or rights instead of autonomy, which specifically refers to self-governance.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognizing terms related to personal independence and decision-making in reading comprehension.

Questions 36-40

📝 Question 36:
"Some anthropologists are mistaken about the point when the number of societies such as the !Kung began to decline."

🔹 Correct Answer: YES
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 7 of Reading Passage 3
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Many anthropologists believe that societies such as the !Kung were normal until a few thousand years ago."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage suggests that some anthropologists have an incorrect understanding of when these societies began to decline, implying a mistaken belief.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming that the passage directly states that anthropologists are wrong, rather than implying it.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognizing implicit disagreement in academic texts.

📝 Question 37:
"Humans who developed warlike traits in prehistory would have had an advantage over those who did not."

🔹 Correct Answer: NO
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 7 of Reading Passage 3
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...there seems little reason to assume that traits such as racism, warfare and male domination should have been selected by evolution – as they would have been of little benefit in the prehistoric era."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage explicitly disagrees with the idea that warlike traits gave an evolutionary advantage in prehistory.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming that modern human conflict means prehistoric humans also benefited from aggression.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Identifying explicit refutations of commonly assumed ideas.

📝 Question 38:
"Being peaceful and cooperative is a natural way for people to behave."

🔹 Correct Answer: YES
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 8 of Reading Passage 3
🔹 Text of the Answer: "It makes more sense, then, to see traits such as cooperation, egalitarianism, altruism and peacefulness as innate characteristics of human beings. These were the traits that were prevalent in human life for tens of thousands of years. So presumably these traits are still strong in us now."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage argues that peaceful and cooperative behavior is an innate human trait, aligning with the statement.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the writer's perspective on human nature with how modern societies behave.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Differentiating between biological predispositions and cultural influences in texts.

📝 Question 39:
"Negative traits are more apparent in some modern cultures than in others."

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location of the Answer: Not explicitly mentioned in Reading Passage 3
🔹 Text of the Answer: N/A
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage discusses the origins of negative traits but does not compare their prevalence across different modern cultures.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming general discussions of human nature include comparisons between cultures.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognizing when a statement is beyond the scope of the passage.

📝 Question 40:
"Animal research has failed to reveal a link between changes in the environment and the emergence of aggressive tendencies."

🔹 Correct Answer: NO
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 9 of Reading Passage 3
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Research has shown repeatedly that when the natural habitats of primates such as apes and gorillas are disrupted, they tend to become more violent and hierarchical."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage directly contradicts the statement by providing evidence that environmental changes lead to aggression in primates.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Misinterpreting the supporting evidence as unrelated to aggression.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Identifying scientific findings and their direct relevance to a given statement.