تحلیل ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک کمبریج 18 - تست 2- بررسی کامل و نکات کلیدی

مقدمه

بخش ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک یکی از مهارت‌های کلیدی در آزمون آیلتس است که نیازمند دقت بالا، مدیریت زمان و آشنایی با انواع سوالات است. تحلیل تست 2 ریدینگ از کتاب آیلتس کمبریج 18 (Cambridge IELTS 18) به شما کمک می‌کند تا درک بهتری از سوالات و متن‌ها داشته باشید و استراتژی‌های مؤثری برای پاسخ‌دهی اتخاذ کنید.

این تست شامل سه متن آکادمیک است که هرکدام از آن‌ها بر موضوعی علمی یا تحقیقاتی تمرکز دارد. در این مقاله، به بررسی دقیق متن‌های تست 2، انواع سوالات مطرح‌شده (مانند True/False/Not Given، Matching Headings، Summary Completion) و نکات کلیدی برای افزایش سرعت و دقت در پاسخ‌دهی خواهیم پرداخت. همچنین، اشتباهات رایج داوطلبان را تحلیل کرده و روش‌هایی برای جلوگیری از آن‌ها ارائه می‌کنیم.

برای دیدن بقیه‌ی تحلیل‌ها به لینک زیر بروید:

Questions 1-8

📝 Question 1:

"The ditch and henge were dug, possibly using tools made from ...."
🔹 Correct Answer: deer antlers
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 1
🔹 Text of the Answer: "First, Neolithic Britons used primitive tools, which may have been fashioned out of deer antlers, to dig a massive circular ditch and bank, or henge."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage explicitly mentions deer antlers as a possible material for making digging tools.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming the tools were made from stone instead of organic material.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When the question contains "possibly", look for words like "may have been" in the passage.

📝 Question 2:

".... may have been arranged in deep pits inside the circle."
🔹 Correct Answer: timber posts
📍 Location of the Answer: Last sentence of Paragraph 1
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Deep pits dating back to that era and located within the circle may have once held a ring of timber posts, according to some scholars."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage clearly states that timber posts may have been present in the deep pits.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing timber posts with stones due to Stonehenge’s famous rock structures.
⭐ Key Learning Point: If a question includes "may have been," look for words like "may have once held" in the passage.

📝 Question 3:

"Builders used .... to make sledges and rollers."
🔹 Correct Answer: tree trunks
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 2
🔹 Text of the Answer: "According to one long-standing theory among archaeologists, Stonehenge’s builders fashioned sledges and rollers out of tree trunks to lug the bluestones from the Preseli Hills."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage directly confirms that tree trunks were used.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming ropes or animal skins were involved in making sledges and rollers.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When a question asks "what material was used," scan the passage for specific materials like wood, stone, or metal.

📝 Question 4:

".... pulled them on giant baskets."
🔹 Correct Answer: oxen
📍 Location of the Answer: Last sentence of Paragraph 2
🔹 Text of the Answer: "More recent archaeological hypotheses have them transporting the bluestones with supersized wicker baskets on a combination of ball bearings and long grooved planks, hauled by oxen."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage clearly states oxen were used to pull the stones.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming humans or horses were the primary movers.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for verbs like "pulled," "hauled," or "dragged" to identify the correct answer.

📝 Question 5:

"They were brought from Wales by ...."
🔹 Correct Answer: glaciers
📍 Location of the Answer: First sentence of Paragraph 3
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Some scientists have suggested that it was glaciers, not humans, that carried the bluestones to Salisbury Plain."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The geological theory states glaciers transported the stones rather than human effort.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming the human transportation theory is the only possibility.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When a question asks about a scientific theory, pay attention to contrasting ideas in the passage.

📝 Question 6:

"A theory arose in the 17th century that its builders were Celtic ...."
🔹 Correct Answer: druids
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 5
🔹 Text of the Answer: "In the 17th century, archaeologist John Aubrey made the claim that Stonehenge was the work of druids, who had important religious, judicial and political roles in Celtic society."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: John Aubrey’s theory directly links Stonehenge to Celtic druids.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming Vikings or Romans were suggested as builders.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When a question includes "a theory arose in...", look for historical claims in the passage.

📝 Question 7:

"Many experts agree it has been used as a .... site."
🔹 Correct Answer: burial
📍 Location of the Answer: First sentence of Paragraph 7
🔹 Text of the Answer: "There is consensus among the majority of modern scholars that Stonehenge once served the function of a burial ground."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The phrase "consensus among scholars" confirms agreement on the burial site function.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Thinking Stonehenge was mainly used as an astronomical site instead.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When the question includes "many experts agree," look for words like "majority of scholars," "most historians," or "consensus."

📝 Question 8:

"In the 1960s, it was suggested that it worked as a kind of ...."
🔹 Correct Answer: calendar
📍 Location of the Answer: First sentence of Paragraph 7
🔹 Text of the Answer: "In the 1960s, the astronomer Gerald Hawkins suggested that the cluster of megalithic stones operated as a form of calendar, with different points corresponding to astrological phenomena such as solstices, equinoxes, and eclipses occurring at different times of the year."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Hawkins' theory linked Stonehenge to tracking astrological events, functioning as a calendar.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Mistaking calendar for clock or astronomical observatory.
⭐ Key Learning Point: If the passage mentions a historical claim, match it to the correct time period (e.g., 1960s theory = calendar).

Questions 9-13

 📝 Question 9:

"During the third phase of construction, sandstone slabs were placed in both the outer areas and the middle of the Stonehenge site."
🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 4
🔹 Text of the Answer: "The third phase of construction took place around 2000 BCE. At this point, sandstone slabs – known as ‘sarsens’ – were arranged into an outer crescent or ring; some were assembled into the iconic three-pieced structures called trilithons that stand tall in the centre of Stonehenge."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage confirms that sandstone slabs were placed in both the outer and central areas, making the statement TRUE.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Misinterpreting "outer crescent" as referring to only one section of Stonehenge.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for specific placement descriptions when verifying location-based questions.

📝 Question 10:

"There is scientific proof that the bluestones stood in the same spot until approximately 1600 BCE."
🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 4
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Radiocarbon dating has revealed that work continued at Stonehenge until roughly 1600 BCE, with the bluestones in particular being repositioned multiple times."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage contradicts the claim by stating that bluestones were moved multiple times, making the statement FALSE.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming that all stones remained fixed in place due to their massive size.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay attention to scientific evidence (e.g., radiocarbon dating) when answering historical accuracy questions.

📝 Question 11:

"John Aubrey’s claim about Stonehenge was supported by 20th-century findings."
🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location of the Answer: Last sentence of Paragraph 5
🔹 Text of the Answer: "However, in the mid-20th century, radiocarbon dating demonstrated that Stonehenge stood more than 1,000 years before the Celts inhabited the region."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage clearly states that 20th-century evidence disproved Aubrey’s claim about druids building Stonehenge, making the statement FALSE.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming that historical claims were later verified rather than debunked.
⭐ Key Learning Point: If a question asks about scientific support, check if the passage mentions confirmation or refutation of a claim.

📝 Question 12:

"Objects discovered at Stonehenge seem to indicate that it was constructed by a number of different groups of people."
🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 6
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Many modern historians and archaeologists now agree that several distinct tribes of people contributed to Stonehenge, each undertaking a different phase of its construction. Bones, tools and other artefacts found on the site seem to support this hypothesis."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage directly supports the idea that multiple groups worked on Stonehenge, making the statement TRUE.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming one single civilization built the monument from start to finish.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When a question refers to evidence from discoveries, scan for references to bones, tools, and artifacts.

📝 Question 13:

"Criticism of Gerald Hawkins’ theory about Stonehenge has come mainly from other astronomers."
🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 7
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: While the passage mentions criticism of Hawkins' theory, it does not specify who the critics are (astronomers or otherwise).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming that criticism automatically comes from people in the same field (i.e., astronomers).
⭐ Key Learning Point: If a question asks about who criticized an idea, but the passage does not specify the critics' profession, the answer is NOT GIVEN.

Questions 14-18

📝 Question 14:

"What point does the writer make about AI in the first paragraph?"
🔹 Correct Answer: C. The future is unlikely to see limitations on the capabilities of AI.
📍 Location of the Answer: First paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Many experts believe this restriction is very temporary. By mid-century, we may have artificial general intelligence (AGI) – machines that can achieve human-level performance on the full range of tasks that we ourselves can tackle."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage suggests that current AI limitations will not last and that AGI will soon match human abilities.
⚠️ Potential Traps:

• A. While AI progress is mentioned, the passage does not discuss the difficulty of predicting its pace.
• B. Chess machines are mentioned as an example of AI progress, but the focus is not on learning from them.
• D. The passage states that AI will eventually exceed specialization, meaning there is no disagreement on this among experts.
  ⭐ Key Learning Point: When selecting summary-based answers, focus on the overall argument rather than specific examples.

📝 Question 15:

"What is the writer doing in the second paragraph?"
🔹 Correct Answer: A. Explaining why machines will be able to outperform humans.
📍 Location of the Answer: Second paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Our brains run at slow biochemical processing speeds on the power of a light bulb, and their size is restricted by the dimensions of the human birth canal. It is remarkable what they accomplish, given these handicaps."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage highlights human biological limitations to suggest that AI will surpass human intelligence.
⚠️ Potential Traps:

• B. The passage compares humans and AI, but it does not focus on their differences in learning styles.
• C. The paragraph does not introduce a new AI concept, but rather reinforces existing ideas.
• D. There is no direct reference to ethical concerns in this paragraph.
  ⭐ Key Learning Point: When a question asks "What is the writer doing?", look at the overall goal of the paragraph rather than isolated details.

📝 Question 16:

"Why does the writer mention the story of King Midas?"
🔹 Correct Answer: B. To illustrate that poorly defined objectives can go wrong.
📍 Location of the Answer: Third paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Folklore is full of tales of people who ask for the wrong thing, with disastrous consequences—King Midas, for example, might have wished that everything he touched turned to gold, but didn’t really intend this to apply to his breakfast."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The King Midas analogy warns about unintended consequences when goals are not clearly defined, particularly in AI decision-making.
⚠️ Potential Traps:

• A. The story does not compare different types of progress.
• C. The paragraph focuses on unintended consequences, not the need for cooperation.
• D. The story is not related to financial benefits or economic planning.
  ⭐ Key Learning Point: If a question asks why a story or analogy is used, look for the moral lesson or broader application in the passage.

📝 Question 17:

"What challenge does the writer refer to in the fourth paragraph?"
🔹 Correct Answer: D. Ensuring AI is more human-friendly than we are ourselves.
📍 Location of the Answer: Fourth paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer: "We are far from reliably human-friendly ourselves. We do many terrible things to each other and to many other creatures with whom we share the planet."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The challenge is not just making AI align with human values, but making sure it doesn't repeat human flaws.
⚠️ Potential Traps:

• A. While the passage mentions safety, the challenge is about ethics, not just safety.
• B. The paragraph does not discuss cooperation in AI development.
• C. AI decision-making is mentioned, but the focus is on its moral alignment, not its efficiency.
  ⭐ Key Learning Point: When asked about challenges, identify the problem the writer highlights, not just a general topic mentioned in the paragraph.

📝 Question 18:

"What does the writer suggest about the future of AI in the fifth paragraph?"
🔹 Correct Answer: C. Machines will be superior to humans in certain respects.
📍 Location of the Answer: Fifth paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer: "For safety’s sake, then, we want the machines to be ethically as well as cognitively superhuman."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage states that AI should surpass humans in cognitive and ethical aspects, confirming that machines will be superior in some ways.
⚠️ Potential Traps:

• A. While AI safety is mentioned, the focus is on its superiority, not just ensuring safety.
• B. The paragraph does not discuss whether AI will improve all aspects of society.
• D. AI’s role in moral decision-making is mentioned, but the emphasis is not on AI replacing human values.
  ⭐ Key Learning Point: When answering future-related questions, look for explicit predictions in the passage rather than general descriptions of AI capabilities.

📝 Question 19:

"Which of the following best summarizes the writer’s argument in the sixth paragraph?"
🔹 Correct Answer: D. Human shortcomings will make creating the machines we need more difficult.
📍 Location of the Answer: Sixth paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer: "This won’t be easy, given that we are tribal creatures and conflicted about the ideals ourselves. We often ignore the suffering of strangers, and even contribute to it, at least indirectly."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage highlights human flaws that make it difficult to design AI that aligns with ethical ideals.
⚠️ Potential Traps:

• A. AI as a moral guide is mentioned, but the paragraph focuses on human challenges in creating ethical AI.
• B. While AI mistakes could be a problem, the paragraph focuses on human limitations rather than AI errors.
• C. The paragraph does not discuss technology evolving independently of human input.
  ⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for what the paragraph is critiquing—in this case, human flaws, not AI design issues.

Questions 19-23

📝 Question 20:

"Machines with the ability to make moral decisions may prevent us from promoting the interests of our communities."
🔹 Correct Answer: YES
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 8
🔹 Text of the Answer: "We might lose our freedom to discriminate in favor of our own communities, for example."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage clearly states that AI could limit our ability to prioritize our own groups, confirming YES.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing "moral decisions" with "government regulations"—the issue is AI's decision-making, not legal policies.
⭐ Key Learning Point: If a question asks about restrictions AI might impose, look for phrases about losing freedom or control.

📝 Question 21:

"A large number of ‘silicon police’ would be necessary for AI to regulate human behavior effectively."
🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location of the Answer: Not mentioned in the passage
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage discusses AI's potential role in moral decision-making, but it does not mention how many AI systems would be needed.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming that "silicon police" were mentioned in a general discussion about AI governance.
⭐ Key Learning Point: If a question asks about a specific quantity, but the passage does not provide numbers, the answer is NOT GIVEN.

📝 Question 22:

"Many people are comfortable with AI restricting their independence."
🔹 Correct Answer: NO
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 13
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Few of us are likely to welcome such a future."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage states that most people would not welcome AI controlling their choices, making the statement NO.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming general AI acceptance means people are okay with losing independence—the passage states the opposite.
⭐ Key Learning Point: If a question asks about public opinion, check for words like "most people," "few people," or "general consensus."

📝 Question 23:

"Collective effort is necessary to ensure AI acts in humanity’s best interests."
🔹 Correct Answer: YES
📍 Location of the Answer: Penultimate paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer: "If it is, it will require a cooperative spirit, and a willingness to set aside self-interest."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage directly states that cooperation is essential for AI to serve humanity’s best interests, making the answer YES.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming AI development is an individual or private sector effort—the passage emphasizes cooperation.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When a question asks about teamwork or global efforts, look for phrases that emphasize cooperation and collaboration.

Questions 24-26

📝 Question 24:

"AI already plays a role in how .... are allocated in the health service."
🔹 Correct Answer: available resources
📍 Location of the Answer: Beginning of the relevant paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer: "AI already has some input into how resources are used in our National Health Service (NHS) here in the UK, for example."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage states that AI helps manage healthcare resources, making "available resources" the correct answer.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Mistaking "resources" for "funding" or "medical staff"—the passage refers to general allocation rather than specific categories.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When summarizing a role AI plays in a system, focus on what AI manages (e.g., resources, data, patient care).

📝 Question 25:

"A greater role for AI in the NHS might reduce the control currently held by ...."
🔹 Correct Answer: medical practitioners
📍 Location of the Answer: Latter half of the relevant paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer: "However, we'd be depriving some humans (e.g. senior doctors) of the control they presently enjoy."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage explicitly states that AI would take some control away from senior doctors, making "medical practitioners" the correct answer.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming the answer refers to hospital administrators or policymakers—the passage specifically mentions doctors.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When a question asks about who loses control, identify the group most affected by AI automation.

📝 Question 26:

"These people would see a decline in their level of ...."
🔹 Correct Answer: professional authority
📍 Location of the Answer: Directly following the previous sentence
🔹 Text of the Answer: "However, we'd be depriving some humans (e.g. senior doctors) of the control they presently enjoy."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Since control over decision-making is being reduced, this directly affects their professional authority.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing "authority" with "responsibility"—while they still work, their power over decisions decreases.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When a question refers to a decline in influence, look for words like "control," "decision-making," or "authority."

Questions 27-33

📝 Question 27:

"People first referred to Leonardo da Vinci as a genius 500 years ago."
🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location of the Answer: Not explicitly mentioned in the passage
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage states that "the word 'genius' is universally associated with the name of Leonardo da Vinci", but it does not specify when this association began.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming that "500 years ago" is mentioned somewhere—no timeframe is given.
⭐ Key Learning Point: If a question asks when something happened, but the passage does not specify a date, the answer is NOT GIVEN.

📝 Question 28:

"The climate crisis is predicted to cause more deaths than the plague."
🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location of the Answer: Not explicitly mentioned in the passage
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage discusses both the plague and the climate crisis, but it does not compare their death tolls.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming that because both issues are mentioned, there must be a direct comparison.
⭐ Key Learning Point: If a question asks for a comparison, but the passage does not provide numerical or direct evidence, the answer is NOT GIVEN.

📝 Question 29:

"Some of the difficulties we encounter today are comparable to those of earlier periods."
🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location of the Answer: Second paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Then, as now, radical solutions were called for to revolutionize the way people lived and safeguard humanity against catastrophe."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage directly compares past and present challenges, confirming the statement as TRUE.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming that the passage only discusses the past without drawing comparisons.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for phrases that connect historical and modern challenges, such as "Then, as now."

📝 Question 30:

"Leonardo da Vinci's 'ideal city' was built in the 15th century."
🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location of the Answer: Third paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Leonardo turned his thoughts to urban planning problems... he began to work on an 'ideal city' project, which – due to its excessive costs – would remain unfulfilled."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage explicitly states that the city was never built, making the statement FALSE.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming that because da Vinci designed the city, it was constructed.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay attention to words indicating whether a plan was executed or abandoned.

📝 Question 31:

"Poor town planning is a significant factor contributing to climate change."
🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location of the Answer: Third paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Yet given that unsustainable urban models are a key cause of global climate change today, it's only natural to wonder how Leonardo might have changed the shape of modern cities."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage explicitly states that unsustainable urban models are a key cause of climate change, confirming TRUE.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing "urban models" with other environmental factors.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When a question asks about causes, look for phrases like "a key factor" or "a major contributor."

📝 Question 32:

"People in the Renaissance era resisted the changes made to Pienza and Ferrara."
🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location of the Answer: Not explicitly mentioned in the passage
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: While the passage mentions urban projects in Pienza and Ferrara, it does not discuss local opposition.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming that because changes were made, people must have resisted them.
⭐ Key Learning Point: If a question asks about public reactions, but the passage does not describe support or opposition, the answer is NOT GIVEN.

📝 Question 33:

"Da Vinci kept his designs in a neat and organized manner."
🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location of the Answer: Fifth paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer: "It is not easy to identify a coordinated vision of Leonardo's ideal city because of his disordered way of working with notes and sketches."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage states that his notes were disorganized, contradicting the claim that they were neatly kept, making the statement FALSE.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming that his genius meant he worked in an orderly fashion.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for descriptions of working habits when answering questions about organization.

Questions 34-40

📝 Question 34:

"He designed the city for the easy .... of goods."
🔹 Correct Answer: transport
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 5
🔹 Text of the Answer: "He designed the city for the easy transport of goods and clean urban spaces, and he wanted a comfortable and spacious city, with well-ordered streets and architecture."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage explains that Leonardo da Vinci’s city design aimed to facilitate the movement of goods, making "transport" the correct answer.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming the answer is "trade" or "commerce"—while related, the passage emphasizes transportation as the key factor.
⭐ Key Learning Point: If a question asks about trade improvements, look for references to infrastructure and movement of goods.

📝 Question 35:

"He proposed linking levels of the city using ...."
🔹 Correct Answer: staircases
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 6
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Leonardo wanted the city to be built on several levels, linked with vertical outdoor staircases."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage clearly states that da Vinci planned to connect city levels using staircases, making it the correct answer.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing "staircases" with "ramps" or "elevators"—the passage specifically mentions vertical outdoor staircases.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When a question asks about vertical connections in city planning, look for words related to elevation and movement between floors.

📝 Question 36:

"His designs showcased his knowledge of ...."
🔹 Correct Answer: engineering
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 7
🔹 Text of the Answer: "But the true originality of Leonardo’s vision was its fusion of architecture and engineering."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage highlights da Vinci’s expertise in engineering, making it the correct answer.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming the answer is "architecture"—while mentioned, the focus is on his engineering skills.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When a question asks about technical knowledge, look for words like "fusion," "mechanics," or "technical conception."

📝 Question 37:

"A .... that is still followed in many Italian cities today was his idea about street width."
🔹 Correct Answer: rule
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 7
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Leonardo also thought that the width of the streets ought to match the average height of the adjacent houses: a rule still followed in many contemporary cities across Italy, to allow access to sun and reduce the risk of damage from earthquakes."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage states that Leonardo's principle about street width is still followed today, confirming "rule" as the correct answer.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Thinking the answer is "law"—while similar, the passage uses "rule" to describe the practice.
⭐ Key Learning Point: If a question asks about something still in use today, look for phrases indicating continuity, such as "still followed" or "persisting in modern cities."

📝 Question 38:

"Some of his ideas had already existed in .... cities."
🔹 Correct Answer: Roman
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 8
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Although some of these features existed in Roman cities, before Leonardo’s drawings there had never been a multi-level, compact modern city which was thoroughly technically conceived."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage states that some of Leonardo’s ideas were present in Roman cities, making "Roman" the correct answer.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming the answer is "Greek" or "Medieval"—the passage specifically mentions Roman cities.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When a question asks about historical precedents, look for comparisons between past and present.

📝 Question 39:

"One of his ideas was later reflected in the design of .... in the 19th century."
🔹 Correct Answer: Paris
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 8
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Indeed, it wasn’t until the 19th century that some of his ideas were applied. For example, the subdivision of the city by function… is an idea that can be found in Georges-Eugene Haussmann’s renovation of Paris under Emperor Napoleon III between 1853 and 1870."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage directly states that Haussmann's redesign of Paris reflected da Vinci's ideas, making "Paris" the correct answer.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming the answer is "London" or "Rome"—the passage explicitly references Haussmann’s work in Paris.
⭐ Key Learning Point: If a question asks about influence on later city designs, look for mentions of specific historical city developments.

📝 Question 40:

"Instead of expanding cities ...., some scholars believe vertical urban planning is the future."
🔹 Correct Answer: outwards
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 9
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Many scholars think that the compact city, built upwards instead of outwards, integrated with nature… could help modern cities become more efficient and sustainable."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage contrasts horizontal city expansion ("outwards") with vertical city planning ("upwards"), confirming "outwards" as the correct answer.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing "outwards" with "downwards"—the passage specifically contrasts horizontal and vertical growth.
⭐ Key Learning Point: If a question asks about city expansion, look for words related to direction (e.g., upwards, outwards, inwards, downwards).