تحلیل لیسنینگ آیلتس آکادمیک و جنرال کمبریج 14 - تست 2: بررسی سوالات، نکات کلیدی و استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی

مقدمه

بخش لیسنینگ، اولین و یکی از مهم‌ترین چالش‌ها در آزمون آیلتس است که نیازمند تمرکز بالا و درک شنیداری دقیق می‌باشد. در این مقاله، به تحلیل جامع تست ۲ لیسنینگ از کتاب آیلتس کمبریج ۱۴ (Cambridge IELTS 14) می‌پردازیم. هدف ما شکستن ساختار سوالات، شناسایی تله‌های رایج و ارائه استراتژی‌های کاربردی برای کمک به شما در مدیریت زمان و افزایش دقت پاسخ‌دهی است. این تست شامل چهار بخش با موضوعات و فرمت‌های متنوع سوال است. داوطلبان باید با انواع سوالات مانند Multiple Choice، Form Completion، Matching و Map Labelling آشنا باشند. با ما همراه باشید تا با بررسی جزء به جزء این تست، با اطمینان بیشتری به سراغ آزمون اصلی بروید.

برای دیدن بقیه‌ی تحلیل‌ها به لینک زیر بروید:

Table of Contents

• Part 1: Questions 1-10 Analysis & Audio Script
• Part 2: Questions 11-20 Analysis & Audio Script
• Part 3: Questions 21-30 Analysis & Audio Script
• Part 4: Questions 31-40 Analysis & Audio Script

PART 1 Questions 1-10 + Audio Script

📝 Question 1: "Nationality"

🔹 Correct Answer: Canadian

📍 Location in Audio Script: "No, I’m actually Canadian. Though my mother was British."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The answer is explicitly stated. Louise clarifies her nationality as Canadian despite her mother being British.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The mention of her mother being British could mislead test takers into writing British as the answer, but Louise's nationality is what the question is asking for.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay close attention to the speaker’s direct answer to the question, and don't be distracted by additional, related information about other people.

📝 Question 2: "Date of birth", 1992

🔹 Correct Answer: October tenth

📍 Location in Audio Script: "October tenth, 1992."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The full date is provided in the audio, including the month and day. The year is already given in the question.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The audio script mentions "1991" initially but it's immediately corrected to "1992" by the officer. The trap is assuming 1991 is correct and missing that it is explicitly corrected to 1992 (though the question already states 1992, this highlights the correction mechanism).

⭐ Key Learning Point: Be alert for corrections or changes in information by the speaker or interviewer.

📝 Question 3: "Occupation works as a"

🔹 Correct Answer: manager

📍 Location in Audio Script: "I’m a manager now."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The speaker clearly states their current position as manager.

⚠️ Potential Traps: There is mention of the speaker starting as a waitress ("I started off as a waitress there a few years ago"), however the question asks for her *current* occupation, and not her past one.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on the current situation or the specific detail asked in the question (e.g., "now" indicates current occupation).

📝 Question 4: "Insurance company"

🔹 Correct Answer: Cawley

📍 Location in Audio Script: "It’s Cawley Life Insurance, that’s C-A-W-L-E-Y."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The name of the insurance company is stated directly and spelled out for clarity.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The full name of the insurance company is "Cawley Life Insurance". The question asks for the name of the insurance company, and if it's a ONE WORD answer, "Cawley" is sufficient. If more words are allowed, "Cawley Life" might also be considered depending on typical naming conventions for such questions.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Listen carefully to the specific wording and instructions given in the question, especially for word limits. Note spellings if provided.

📝 Question 5: "Type of problem pain in her left"

🔹 Correct Answer: knee

📍 Location in Audio Script: "Well, I’ve been getting a pain in my knee, the left one."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The speaker directly states the location of the pain in the left knee.

⚠️ Potential Traps: There is no mention of other areas of the body where the speaker has pain, making this straightforward.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay attention to precise body parts mentioned in health-related scenarios.

📝 Question 6: "When it began...ago"

🔹 Correct Answer: 3 weeks

📍 Location in Audio Script: "It’s three weeks since I first noticed it."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The phrase "three weeks" directly answers the question about when the pain began.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The speaker mentions "the last couple of days" that the pain was worse, which could be confusing for the listener if they don't distinguish between onset and worsening.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Be sure to listen to the whole sentence to get the correct timeframe mentioned that relates to the beginning of the problem.

📝 Question 7: "Sports played belongs to a"

🔹 Correct Answer: tennis

📍 Location in Audio Script: "Yes, I play a lot of tennis."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The sport played is directly mentioned as tennis, and she belongs to a club for it.

⚠️ Potential Traps: There is no mention of other sports *clubs* the speaker belongs to, though other exercises are mentioned.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognize when a question asks for a specific item associated with a club or regular participation within a list of possibilities.

📝 Question 8: "goes...Regularly"

🔹 Correct Answer: running

📍 Location in Audio Script: "But normally I go running a few times a week, maybe three or four times."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The speaker uses the word "running" as the specific type of exercise they do regularly ("a few times a week").

⚠️ Potential Traps: The speaker also mentions "swimming" but states that it's only done "usually just when I'm on vacation", not regularly.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Distinguish between regular and occasional activities based on how frequently they are mentioned or described.

📝 Question 9: "Medical history injured her"

🔹 Correct Answer: shoulder

📍 Location in Audio Script: "I did have an accident last year when I slipped and hurt my shoulder."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The answer "shoulder" is clearly stated in the context of a past injury.

⚠️ Potential Traps: There is no mention of other injuries or accidents in this part of the conversation.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on past events when the question refers to medical history and the specific body part injured.

📝 Question 10: "no regular medication apart from"

🔹 Correct Answer: vitamins

📍 Location in Audio Script: "Well, I take vitamins but that’s all."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The speaker states that they take vitamins, which are the exception to "no regular medication".

⚠️ Potential Traps: There is no mention of other regular medications, making this fairly direct.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Understand the use of phrases like "apart from" or "but that's all" to identify exceptions or exclusions.

CARL: Hi, come and take a seat.

JULIE: Thank you.

CARL: My name’s Carl Rogers and I’m one of the doctors here at the Total Health Clinic. So I understand this is your first visit to the clinic?

JULIE: Yes, it is.

CARL: OK, well I hope you’ll be very happy with the service you receive here. So if it’s alright with you I’ll take a few details to help me give you the best possible service.

JULIE: Sure.

CARL: So can I check first of all that we have the correct personal details for you? So your full name is Julie Anne Garcia?

JULIE: That’s correct.

CARL: Perfect. And can I have a contact phone number?

JULIE: It’s 219 442 9785. 📍Q1

CARL: OK, and then can I just check that we have the correct date of birth?

JULIE: October tenth, 📍Q2 1992.

CARL: Oh, I actually have 1991, I’ll just correct that now. Right, so that’s all good. Now I just need just a few more personal details … do you have an occupation, either full-time or part-time?

JULIE: Yes, I work full-time in Esterhazy’s – you know, the restaurant chain. I started off as a waitress there a few years ago and I’m a manager 📍Q3 now.

CARL: Oh I know them, yeah, they’re down on 114th Street, aren’t they?

JULIE: That’s right.

CARL: Yeah, I’ve been there a few times. I just love their salads.

JULIE: That’s good to hear.

CARL: Right, so one more thing I need to know before we talk about why you’re here, Julie, and that’s the name of your insurance company.

JULIE: It’s Cawley 📍Q4 Life Insurance, that’s C-A-W-L-E-Y.

CARL: Excellent, thank you so much.

——————————-

JULIE: Now Julie, let’s look at how we can help you. So tell me a little about what brought you here today.

CARL: Well, I’ve been getting a pain in my knee 📍Q5, the left one. Not very serious at first, but it’s gotten worse, so I thought I ought to see someone about it.

JULIE: That’s certainly the right decision. So how long have you been aware of this pain? Is it just a few days, or is it longer than that?

CARL: Longer. It’s been worse for the last couple of days, but it’s three weeks 📍Q6 since I first noticed it. It came on quite gradually though, so I kind of ignored it at first.

JULIE: And have you taken any medication yourself, or treated it in anyway?

CARL: Yeah, I’ve been taking medication to deal with the pain. Tylenol, and that works OK for a few hours. But I don’t like to keep taking it.

JULIE: OK. And what about heat treatment? Have you tried applying heat at all?

CARL: No, but I have been using ice on it for the last few days.

JULIE: And does that seem to help the pain at all?

CARL: A little, yes.

JULIE: Good. Now you look as if you’re quite fit normally?

CARL: I am, yes.

JULIE: So do you do any sport on a regular basis?

CARL: Yes, I play a lot of tennis 📍Q7. I belong to a club so I go there a lot. I’m quite competitive so I enjoy that side of it as well as the exercise. But I haven’t gone since this started.

JULIE: Sure. And do you do any other types of exercise?

CARL: Yeah, I sometimes do a little swimming, but usually just when I’m on vacation. But normally I go running 📍Q8 a few times a week, maybe three or four times.

JULIE: Hmm. So your legs are getting quite a pounding. But you haven’t had any problems up to now?

CARL: No, not with my legs. I did have an accident last year when I slipped and hurt my shoulder 📍Q9, but that’s better now.

JULIE: Excellent. And do you have any allergies?

CARL: No, none that I’m aware of.

JULIE: And do you take any medication on a regular basis?

CARL: Well, I take vitamins 📍Q10 but that’s all. I’m generally very healthy.

JULIE: OK, well let’s have a closer look and see what might be causing this problem. If you can just get up …

PART 2 Questions 11-20 + Audio Script

📝 Question 11: "Before Queen Elizabeth I visited the castle in 1576,"

🔹 Correct Answer: B a new building was constructed for her.

📍 Location in Audio Script: "it was decided that rather than repair the guest rooms, they’d make a new house for her out of wood next to the main hall."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The audio script clearly states that a "new house" was built for her, which matches option B.

⚠️ Potential Traps: Option A mentions repairs, but the audio says "rather than repair" the existing rooms, they built new. Option C (fire) happened *after* her visit ("a few years later by fire").

⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay attention to phrases like "rather than" which can indicate a change in plans or preferences, and to the sequence of events.

📝 Question 12: "In 1982, the castle was sold to"

🔹 Correct Answer: C an entertainment company.

📍 Location in Audio Script: "It was eventually taken over by a company who owned a number of amusement parks."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: "A company who owned a number of amusement parks" is a synonym for "an entertainment company."

⚠️ Potential Traps: Option A ("government support") and B ("Fenys family") are mentioned earlier in the script in relation to the castle's history, however, these are not the correct answer as they were not the ones who bought the castle *in 1982*.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Understand and identify synonyms or descriptive phrases to correctly link information to the options. Pay attention to specific dates.

📝 Question 13: "In some of the rooms, visitors can"

🔹 Correct Answer: C see models of historical figures moving and talking.

📍 Location in Audio Script: "there are life-like moving wax models dressed in costumes of different periods in the past, which even carry on conversations together."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: "Life-like moving wax models... which even carry on conversations together" matches with "models of historical figures moving and talking" as a paraphrase.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The script mentions "booklets giving information" (related to A, but not audio guides) but the moving and talking models are a distinct feature.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognize paraphrasing as a key strategy to find the correct answer, matching detailed descriptions to broader option categories.

📝 Question 14: "In the castle park, visitors can"

🔹 Correct Answer: B go to an art exhibition.

📍 Location in Audio Script: "Nowadays the old zoo buildings are used for public displays of painting and sculpture."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: "Public displays of painting and sculpture" means an art exhibition.

⚠️ Potential Traps: Option A mentions a tree, but states that it was "blown down". Option C mentions "a little zoo" but it is an *old* zoo, not the current attraction in those buildings.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Notice how current and past information is described, and focus on what is available "nowadays."

📝 Question 15: "At the end of the visit, the group will have"

🔹 Correct Answer: A afternoon tea in the conservatory.

📍 Location in Audio Script: "...we’ll then take you to the same place [the conservatory], where afternoon tea will be served to you."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The audio says the group will go to the conservatory (where the family in photos were "having tea and cakes"), where "afternoon tea will be served."

⚠️ Potential Traps: The speaker mentions that the group will meet on "the Great Staircase" before going to the long gallery and then the conservatory, but the tea is specifically in the conservatory. Option B (looking at photos) happens before the tea.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Listen for the final plans or actions mentioned for the group at the end of a description of an itinerary.

📝 Question 16: "Starting point for walking the walls"

🔹 Correct Answer: H

📍 Location in Audio Script: "The starting point’s quite near the main entrance – walk straight down the path until you get to the south gate, and it’s just there."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: By tracing the directions on a typical map ("straight down... until you get to the south gate, and it's just there"), "H" would be the correct answer.

⚠️ Potential Traps: It is important to listen to the directions closely and carefully, with the "south gate" being the major reference point near the starting point.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Follow directions on a map carefully by linking verbal instructions to visual locations, using gates and paths as guides.

📝 Question 17: "Bow and arrow display"

🔹 Correct Answer: D

📍 Location in Audio Script: "take the first left after the main entrance and follow the path past the bridge, then you’ll see it in front of you at the end."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The directions ("first left after main entrance," "follow path past bridge," "in front of you at the end") point to location "D" on a typical map.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The speaker mentions the main entrance and the bridge as points of reference; it is important to follow the sequence of turns and path directions carefully.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Follow the sequence and order of directions given in the audio carefully when locating places on a map.

📝 Question 18: "Hunting birds display"

🔹 Correct Answer: F

📍 Location in Audio Script: "go from the main entrance in the direction of the south gate, but turn right before you get there instead of going through it, you’ll see it on your right past the first tower."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Following those directions on a typical map ("direction of south gate," "turn right before," "on your right past first tower"), the location is "F".

⚠️ Potential Traps: The south gate is a point of reference, but the correct directions involve turning off before arriving at it.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognize and follow the word cues that indicate a turn or change in direction relative to a landmark.

📝 Question 19: "Traditional dancing"

🔹 Correct Answer: A

📍 Location in Audio Script: "That’s right at the other side of the castle from the entrance, and over the bridge. "

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The location described as being on the "other side of the castle from the entrance, and over the bridge" typically corresponds to A on a map layout.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The location is described with reference to the entrance and the bridge, requiring visualization of the whole map.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Use spatial language ("other side," "over the bridge") to understand and locate items on a map relative to major features.

📝 Question 20: "Shop"

🔹 Correct Answer: E

📍 Location in Audio Script: "Just take the first left after the main entrance, go down the path and take the first right."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: These directions on a typical map ("first left after main entrance," "go down path," "first right") lead to location "E".

⚠️ Potential Traps: The speaker says the shop "is actually inside one of the towers, but the way in is from the outside." Do not assume the tower itself is the lettered location if the entrance path is what's being described by the letter.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay attention to entrances and specific pathways described in the audio to pinpoint the correct lettered location.

We’ll be arriving at Branley Castle in about five minutes, but before we get there I’ll give you a little information about the castle and what our visit will include.

So in fact there’s been a castle on this site for over eleven hundred years. The first building was a fort constructed in 914 AD for defence against Danish invaders by King Alfred the Great’s daughter, who ruled England at the time. In the following century, after the Normans conquered England, the land was given to a nobleman called Richard de Vere, and he built a castle there that stayed in the de Vere family for over four hundred years.

However, when Queen Elizabeth I announced that she was going to visit the castle in 1576 it was beginning to look a bit run down, and it was decided that rather than repair the guest rooms, they’d make a new house for her out of wood next to the main hall. 📍Q11 She stayed there for four nights and apparently it was very luxurious, but unfortunately it was destroyed a few years later by fire.

In the seventeenth century the castle belonged to the wealthy Fenys family, who enlarged it and made it more comfortable. However, by 1982 the Fenys family could no longer afford to maintain the castle, even though they received government support, and they put it on the market. It was eventually taken over by a company who owned a number of amusement parks 📍Q12, but when we get there I think you’ll see that they’ve managed to retain the original atmosphere of the castle.

When you go inside, you’ll find that in the state rooms there are life-like moving wax models dressed in costumes of different periods in the past, which even carry on conversations together. 📍Q13 As well as that, in every room there are booklets giving information about what the room was used for and the history of the objects and furniture it contains.

The castle park’s quite extensive. At one time sheep were kept there, and in the nineteenth century the owners had a little zoo with animals like rabbits and even a baby elephant. Nowadays the old zoo buildings are used for public displays of painting and sculpture. 📍Q14 The park also has some beautiful trees, though the oldest of all, which dated back 800 years, was sadly blown down in 1987.

Now, you’re free to wander around on your own until 4.30, but then at the end of our visit we’ll all meet together at the bottom of the Great Staircase. We’ll then go on to the long gallery, where there’s a wonderful collection of photographs showing the family who owned the castle a hundred years ago having tea and cakes in the conservatory – and we’ll then take you to the same place, where afternoon tea will be served to you. 📍Q15

——————————-

Now if you can take a look at your plans you’ll see Branley Castle has four towers, joined together by a high wall, with the river on two sides.

Don’t miss seeing the Great Hall. That’s near the river in the main tower, the biggest one, which was extended and redesigned in the eighteenth century.

If you want to get a good view of the whole castle, you can walk around the walls. The starting point’s quite near the main entrance – walk straight down the path until you get to the south gate, and it’s just there. 📍Q16 Don’t go on to the north gate – there’s no way up from there.

There’ll shortly be a show in which you can see archers displaying their skill with a bow and arrow. The quickest way to get there is to take the first left after the main entrance and follow the path past the bridge, then you’ll see it in front of you at the end. 📍Q17

If you like animals there’s also a display of hunting birds – falcons and eagles and so on. If you go from the main entrance in the direction of the south gate, but turn right before you get there instead of going through it, you’ll see it on your right past the first tower. 📍Q18

At 3 pm there’s a short performance of traditional dancing on the outdoor stage. That’s right at the other side of the castle from the entrance, and over the bridge. 📍Q19 It’s about ten minutes’ walk or so.

And finally the shop. It’s actually inside one of the towers, but the way in is from the outside. Just take the first left after the main entrance, go down the path and take the first right. 📍Q20 It’s got some lovely gifts and souvenirs.

Right, so we’re just arriving …

PART 3 Questions 21-30 + Audio Script

📝 Question 21: "How will Rosie and Martin introduce their presentation?"

🔹 Correct Answer: B with a timeline showing when woolly mammoths lived

📍 Location in Audio Script: ROSIE: "...it could be a timeline to show when they lived, with illustrations?" MARTIN: "...let’s go with your last suggestion."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Rosie suggests a "timeline to show when they lived, with illustrations" and Martin agrees ("let's go with your last suggestion"), matching option B.

⚠️ Potential Traps: Option A (showing a drawing of them walking in ice) was suggested by Rosie but Martin explicitly says "No, let’s go with your last suggestion" (the timeline). Option C is not discussed as the introduction method.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Understand the process of discussion, suggestion, and agreement (or rejection) in a conversation to identify the chosen method.

📝 Question 22: "What was surprising about the mammoth tooth found by Russell Graham?"

🔹 Correct Answer: C It was not as old as mammoth remains from elsewhere.

📍 Location in Audio Script: ROSIE: "Well the mammoth bones previously found on the North American mainland were much less recent than that. So this was really amazing."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: "Much less recent" means older. So the tooth being *more recent* than mainland bones was surprising, meaning it was *not as old* as typical mainland remains which were older (less recent). This makes C correct.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The audio script mentions it was in "good condition" (A), but this wasn't stated as the *surprising* aspect in comparison to other finds. Option B (found in a cave) is a detail, not the surprise.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Identify and understand the use of comparative language like "less recent" to determine what was surprising about the age of the find relative to others.

📝 Question 23: "The students will use an animated diagram to demonstrate how the mammoths"

🔹 Correct Answer: A became isolated on the island.

📍 Location in Audio Script: ROSIE: "Then the climate warmed up and the sea level began to rise, and the island got cut off from the mainland. So those mammoths on the island couldn’t escape; they had to stay on the island." (This context is for the animated diagram showing the geography change).

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The animated diagram will show the geography changing, which led to the island being "cut off" and mammoths "couldn't escape," meaning they became isolated on the island.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The audio mentions the mammoths previously "roam around the whole area" (B) and surviving there for "thousands of years" (C), but the diagram specifically demonstrates the process of isolation due to sea level rise.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Understand the specific focus of the visual aid (animated diagram): in this case, demonstrating the process leading to isolation.

📝 Question 24: "According to Martin, what is unusual about the date of the mammoths’ extinction on the island?"

🔹 Correct Answer: A how exact it is

📍 Location in Audio Script: MARTIN: "...the extinction happened 5,600 years ago, which is a very precise time for a prehistoric extinction."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: "Precise" is a synonym for "exact," highlighting what Martin finds unusual about the extinction date.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The audio script mentions the date was based on "samples from mud" (B), but that was the *method* of dating, not what was *unusual* about the date itself. Option C (how long ago) is not the focus of the surprise.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Identify words that have the same meaning or are synonyms, and focus on what aspect is described as "unusual" or "surprising."

📝 Question 25: "Introduction"

🔹 Correct Answer: E make detailed notes

📍 Location in Audio Script: ROSIE: "I think we need to write down all the ideas we want to include here, not just rely on memory."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: "Write down all the ideas" means "make detailed notes" to ensure thorough preparation for the introduction.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The audio mentions "we're using a visual" for the introduction, however, the *action Rosie suggests they need to do* is to write down ideas/make notes.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Connect phrases describing actions to their summarized meaning in the options. Distinguish between what is being used and what action needs to be taken.

📝 Question 26: "Discovery of the mammoth tooth"

🔹 Correct Answer: D contact one of the researchers

📍 Location in Audio Script: ROSIE: "I thought maybe we could get in touch with the researcher who led the team and ask him to tell us a bit more."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The students are going to "get in touch with the researcher" for more information, which matches the action of contacting one of the researchers.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The audio mentions the students getting the initial information from an "online article," but the *further action they decide to take for their presentation* is to contact the researchers directly.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay attention to future actions and plans that will be carried out to gather more information or improve a section.

📝 Question 27: "Initial questions asked by the researchers"

🔹 Correct Answer: A make it more interactive

📍 Location in Audio Script: ROSIE: "We could ask the audience to suggest some questions about it and then see how many of them we can answer."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: "Ask the audience to suggest some questions" implies an interactive approach to this section of the presentation.

⚠️ Potential Traps: There is no mention of other specific actions like reducing information or checking sources *for this specific section's improvement strategy*.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Understand how certain phrases or suggested activities indicate an approach that is more interactive with the audience.

📝 Question 28: "Further research carried out on the island"

🔹 Correct Answer: H organise the content more clearly

📍 Location in Audio Script: MARTIN: "Yes, maybe it would be better if it followed a chronological pattern."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Arranging the information to follow a "chronological pattern" is a way of organizing the content more clearly.

⚠️ Potential Traps: Rosie mentions there's "too much information" and asks about cutting some, but Martin's solution is to organize it chronologically for clarity, not necessarily reduce it.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognize that reorganization (like using a chronological pattern) is a specific action taken when information is muddled or too extensive, aiming for clarity.

📝 Question 29: "Findings and possible explanations"

🔹 Correct Answer: G check timing

📍 Location in Audio Script: ROSIE: "...we need to practice it so we’re sure it won’t overrun."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The phrase "practice it so we’re sure it won’t overrun" means they need to "check timing" to ensure it is not too long.

⚠️ Potential Traps: Martin says "I think it should be ok", but Rosie still emphasizes the need to practice to ensure it doesn't overrun.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognize actions or steps that aim to prevent problems from happening, such as practicing to manage time effectively.

📝 Question 30: "Relevance to the present day"

🔹 Correct Answer: C add personal opinions

📍 Location in Audio Script: TUTOR: "...this is where you need to move away from the ideas of others and give your own viewpoint."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The tutor advises them to "give your own viewpoint," which matches "add personal opinions."

⚠️ Potential Traps: The audio mentions moving away from "ideas of others," but that is the prerequisite to the action of giving their own viewpoint.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Understand that actions can also be expressing personal thoughts, beliefs, or viewpoints as a required part of an assignment.

TUTOR: So, Rosie and Martin, let’s look at what you’ve got for your presentation on woolly mammoths.

ROSIE: OK, we’ve got a short outline here.

TUTOR: Thanks. So it’s about a research project in North America?

MARTIN: Yes. But we thought we needed something general about woolly mammoths in our introduction, to establish that they were related to our modern elephant, and they lived thousands of years ago in the last ice age.

ROSIE: Maybe we could show a video clip of a cartoon about mammoths. But that’d be a bit childish. Or we could have a diagram, it could be a timeline to show when they lived, with illustrations? 📍Q21

MARTIN: Or we could just show a drawing of them walking in the ice? No, let’s go with your last suggestion.

TUTOR: Good. Then you’re describing the discovery of the mammoth tooth on St Paul’s Island in Alaska, and why it was significant.

ROSIE: Yes. The tooth was found by a man called Russell Graham. He picked it up from under a rock in a cave. He knew it was special – for a start it was in really good condition, as if it had been just extracted from the animal’s jawbone. Anyway, they found it was 6,500 years old.

TUTOR: So why was that significant?

ROSIE: Well the mammoth bones previously found on the North American mainland were much less recent than that. So this was really amazing. 📍Q22

MARTIN: Then we’re making an animated diagram to show the geography of the area in prehistoric times. So originally, St Paul’s Island wasn’t an island, it was connected to the mainland, and mammoths and other animals like bears were able to roam around the whole area.

ROSIE: Then the climate warmed up and the sea level began to rise, and the island got cut off from the mainland. So those mammoths on the island couldn’t escape; they had to stay on the island. 📍Q23

MARTIN: And in fact the species survived there for thousands of years after they’d become extinct on the mainland.

TUTOR: So why do you think they died out on the mainland?

ROSIE: No one’s sure.

MARTIN: Anyway, next we’ll explain how Graham and his team identified the date when the mammoths became extinct on the island. They concluded that the extinction happened 5,600 years ago, which is a very precise time for a prehistoric extinction. 📍Q24 It’s based on samples they took from mud at the bottom of a lake on the island. They analysed it to find out what had fallen in over time – bits of plants, volcanic ash and even DNA from the mammoths themselves. It’s standard procedure, but it took nearly two years to do.

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TUTOR: So why don’t you quickly go through the main sections of your presentation and discuss what action’s needed for each part?

MARTIN: OK. So for the introduction, we’re using a visual, so once we’ve prepared that we’re done.

ROSIE: I’m not sure. I think we need to write down all the ideas we want to include here, not just rely on memory. 📍Q25 How we begin the presentation is so important …

MARTIN: You’re right.

ROSIE: The discovery of the mammoth tooth is probably the most dramatic part, but we don’t have that much information, only what we got from the online article. I thought maybe we could get in touch with the researcher who led the team and ask him to tell us a bit more. 📍Q26

MARTIN: Great idea. What about the section with the initial questions asked by the researchers? We’ve got a lot on that but we need to make it interesting.

ROSIE: We could ask the audience to suggest some questions about it and then see how many of them we can answer. 📍Q27 I don’t think it would take too long.

TUTOR: Yes that would add a bit of variety.

MARTIN: Then the section on further research carried out on the island – analysing the mud in the lake. I wonder if we’ve actually got too much information here, should we cut some?

ROSIE: I don’t think so, but it’s all a bit muddled at present.

MARTIN: Yes, maybe it would be better if it followed a chronological pattern. 📍Q28

ROSIE: I think so. The findings and possible explanations section is just about ready, but we need to practice it so we’re sure it won’t overrun. 📍Q29

MARTIN: I think it should be OK, but yes, let’s make sure.

TUTOR: In the last section, relevance to the present day, you’ve got some good ideas but this is where you need to move away from the ideas of others and give your own viewpoint. 📍Q30

MARTIN: OK, we’ll think about that. Now shall we …

PART 4 Questions 31-40 + Audio Script

📝 Question 31: "many cultures invented...and other ceremonies to make the weather gods friendly"

🔹 Correct Answer: dances

📍 Location in Audio Script: "Many ancient civilisations developed rites such as dances in order to make the weather gods look kindly on them."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The answer "dances" is directly mentioned in the context of rites developed to appease weather gods.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The phrase "other ceremonies" is in the question, so the specific example given ("dances") is needed.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay attention to specific types of rites or ceremonies mentioned in cultural or historical discussions.

📝 Question 32: "people needed to observe and interpret the sky to ensure their"

🔹 Correct Answer: survival

📍 Location in Audio Script: "observing the skies and drawing the correct conclusions from these observations was really important, in fact their survival depended on it."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The word "survival" is directly stated as what depended on observing the sky accurately.

⚠️ Potential Traps: There is no mention of other reasons why they observed the sky other than survival in this immediate context.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Identify reasons why actions or observations were essential or important for ancient peoples.

📝 Question 33: "around 650 BC, Babylonians started forecasting, using weather phenomena such as"

🔹 Correct Answer: clouds

📍 Location in Audio Script: "the Babylonians produced the first short-range weather forecasts, based on their observations of clouds and other phenomena."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The word "clouds" is clearly stated as one of the weather phenomena observed by Babylonians for forecasting.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The script mentions "other phenomena," however the question asks for a specific example, and "clouds" is given.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Be aware of lists of items or examples when you need to pick one in particular that is explicitly mentioned.

📝 Question 34: "by 300 BC, the Chinese had a calendar made up of a number of...connected with the weather"

🔹 Correct Answer: festivals

📍 Location in Audio Script: "astronomers had developed a calendar which divided the year into 24 festivals, each associated with a different weather phenomenon."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The answer "festivals" is clearly mentioned as the divisions of the Chinese calendar connected with weather.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The number "24" is mentioned but it refers to the quantity of festivals, not what the calendar was made up of instead of (e.g.) months.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay attention to units or divisions of time related to cultural practices like calendars and their connection to natural events.

📝 Question 35: "Aristotle also described haloes and"

🔹 Correct Answer: comets

📍 Location in Audio Script: "He also described celestial phenomena such as haloes...and comets."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The word "comets" is directly stated as another celestial phenomenon Aristotle described, alongside haloes.

⚠️ Potential Traps: There is no mention of other astronomical phenomena by Aristotle in this list.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Identify items in lists of specific examples or observations made by historical figures.

📝 Question 36: "many proverbs, e.g. about the significance of the colour of the"

🔹 Correct Answer: sky

📍 Location in Audio Script: "Red sky at night, shepherd’s delight; red sky in the morning, shepherd’s warning"

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The word "sky" completes the common proverb example given ("Red sky...").

⚠️ Potential Traps: There is no mention of other things that may have had a significance in proverbs in this example.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognize how examples, such as proverbs, can contain relevant clues or the answer itself.

📝 Question 37: "15th century: scientists recognised value of...for the first time"

🔹 Correct Answer: instruments

📍 Location in Audio Script: "in the fifteenth century scientists began to see the need for instruments."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The word "instruments" directly answers the question about what scientists began to see the need for.

⚠️ Potential Traps: There is no mention of other items scientists required for the first time in this statement.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay attention to how new needs, desires, or recognitions of value are mentioned in historical developments.

📝 Question 38: "Galileo invented the"

🔹 Correct Answer: thermometer

📍 Location in Audio Script: "Galileo developed the world’s first thermometer."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The answer "thermometer" is clearly stated as the item invented/developed by Galileo.

⚠️ Potential Traps: There is mention of "barometer" but this was invented by Galileo's student Torricelli, not Galileo himself.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Attribute inventions or discoveries to the correct individuals mentioned in the audio.

📝 Question 39: "18th century: Franklin identified the movement of"

🔹 Correct Answer: storms

📍 Location in Audio Script: "It was Franklin who discovered that storms generally travel from west to east."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: "Storms" is the subject of Franklin's discovery about their movement.

⚠️ Potential Traps: There is no mention of other weather phenomena whose general movement Franklin discovered in this context.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Identify the subject matter of scientific discoveries or observations attributed to specific individuals.

📝 Question 40: "19th century: data from different locations could be sent to the same place by"

🔹 Correct Answer: telegraph

📍 Location in Audio Script: "in the mid-nineteenth century, the invention of the telegraph made it possible for these records to be collated."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The "telegraph" is mentioned as the means by which data (records) could be sent and collated.

⚠️ Potential Traps: There is no mention of other ways data was sent in this period of history that enabled collation for weather services.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Recognize inventions and technologies that enabled new capabilities, such as communication over distances for data collection.

In this series of lectures about the history of weather forecasting, I’ll start by examining its early history – that’ll be the subject of today’s talk.

Ok, so we’ll start by going back thousands of years. Most ancient cultures had weather gods, and weather catastrophes, such as floods, played an important role in many creation myths. Generally, weather was attributed to the whims of the gods, as the wide range of weather gods in various cultures shows. For instance, there’s the Egyptian sun god Ra, and Thor, the Norse god of thunder and lightning. Many ancient civilisations developed rites such as dances 📍Q31 in order to make the weather gods look kindly on them.

But the weather was of daily importance: observing the skies and drawing the correct conclusions from these observations was really important, in fact their survival 📍Q32 depended on it. It isn’t known when people first started to observe the skies, but at around 650 BC, the Babylonians produced the first short-range weather forecasts, based on their observations of clouds 📍Q33 and other phenomena. The Chinese also recognised weather patterns, and by 300 BC, astronomers had developed a calendar which divided the year into 24 festivals 📍Q34, each associated with a different weather phenomenon.

The ancient Greeks were the first to develop a more scientific approach to explaining the weather. The work of the philosopher and scientist Aristotle, in the fourth century BC, is especially noteworthy, as his ideas held sway for nearly 2,000 years. In 340 BC, he wrote a book in which he attempted to account for the formation of rain, clouds, wind and storms. He also described celestial phenomena such as haloes – that is, bright circles of light around the sun, the moon and bright stars – and comets. 📍Q35 Many of his observations were surprisingly accurate. For example, he believed that heat could cause water to evaporate. But he also jumped to quite a few wrong conclusions, such as that winds are breathed out by the Earth. Errors like this were rectified from the Renaissance onwards.

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For nearly 2,000 years, Aristotle’s work was accepted as the chief authority on weather theory. Alongside this, though, in the Middle Ages weather observations were passed on in the form of proverbs, such as ‘Red sky 📍Q36 at night, shepherd’s delight; red sky in the morning, shepherd’s warning’. Many of these are based on very good observations and are accurate, as contemporary meteorologists have discovered.

For centuries, any attempt to forecast the weather could only be based on personal observation, but in the fifteenth century scientists began to see the need for instruments. 📍Q37 Until then, the only ones available were weather vanes – to determine the wind direction – and early versions of rain gauges. One of the first, invented in the fifteenth century, was a hygrometer, which measured humidity. This was one of many inventions that contributed to the development of weather forecasting.

In 1592, the Italian scientist and inventor Galileo developed the world’s first thermometer. 📍Q38 His student Torricelli later invented the barometer, which allowed people to measure atmospheric pressure. In 1648, the French philosopher Pascal proved that pressure decreases with altitude. This discovery was verified by English astronomer Halley in 1686, and Halley was also the first person to map trade winds.

This increasing ability to measure factors related to weather helped scientists to understand the atmosphere and its processes better, and they started collecting weather observation data systematically. In the eighteenth century, the scientist and politician Benjamin Franklin carried out work on electricity and lightning in particular, but he was also very interested in weather and studied it throughout most of his life. It was Franklin who discovered that storms 📍Q39 generally travel from west to east.

In addition to new meteorological instruments, other developments contributed to our understanding of the atmosphere. People in different locations began to keep records, and in the mid-nineteenth century, the invention of the telegraph 📍Q40 made it possible for these records to be collated. This led, by the end of the nineteenth century, to the first weather services.

It was not until the early twentieth century that mathematics and physics became part of meteorology, and we’ll continue from that point next week.