تحلیل ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک کمبریج 16 - تست 4: بررسی سوالات، نکات کلیدی و استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی

مقدمه: 

بخش ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک یکی از مهارت‌های حیاتی در آزمون آیلتس است که نیازمند درک سریع و دقیق متون علمی، مدیریت زمان و تسلط بر انواع سوالات می‌باشد. در این مقاله، تحلیل تست ۴ ریدینگ از کتاب آیلتس کمبریج ۱۶ (Cambridge IELTS 16) را ارائه می‌دهیم. هدف ما بررسی ساختار متن‌ها، استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی و نکات کلیدی برای کمک به داوطلبان در کسب نمره بهتر در این بخش است. این تست شامل سه متن آکادمیک است که به ترتیب سطح دشواری آن‌ها افزایش می‌یابد. داوطلبان باید با انواع سوالات مانند True/False/Not Given، Matching Headings، Multiple Choice و Summary Completion آشنا باشند و استراتژی‌های مناسبی برای هر نوع سوال اتخاذ کنند. در این مقاله، به بررسی نکات کلیدی متن‌ها، تحلیل دقیق سوالات، شناسایی اشتباهات رایج و ارائه روش‌های بهینه برای بهبود سرعت و دقت در پاسخ‌دهی خواهیم پرداخت. با مطالعه این راهنما، می‌توانید نقاط ضعف خود را تقویت کرده و عملکرد بهتری در بخش ریدینگ آیلتس داشته باشید. 

برای دیدن بقیه‌ی تحلیل‌ها به لینک زیر بروید:

پالت ناوبری سوالات

QUESTIONS 1-6 (Passage 1: Roman Tunnels)

📝 Question 1:

Posts were used to set out the correct route of the tunnel.

🔹 Correct Answer: Posts
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text describes the qanat method: "placing posts over a hill in a straight line, to ensure that the tunnel kept to its route." The posts guided the direction.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The function is clearly stated.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The noun that is actively used to "ensure that the tunnel kept to its route" is the answer.

📝 Question 2:

The tunnel allowed water to flow down to a canal for local use.

🔹 Correct Answer: Canal
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The completed tunnel "allowed water to flow from the top of a hillside down towards a canal, which supplied water for human use."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "water" or "hillside." The destination structure is required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The final destination of the water flow before human consumption is the Canal.

📝 Question 3:

The vertical shafts provided an exit for soil and offered ventilation.

🔹 Correct Answer: Ventilation
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The shafts had a dual purpose: "The excavated soil was taken up to the surface using the shafts, which also provided ventilation during the work."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "soil" (the other purpose). The question asks for the second function.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The shafts served a structural/removal purpose and a human health purpose (Ventilation).

📝 Question 4:

A wooden or stone lid was used to cover the shafts.

🔹 Correct Answer: Lid
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states the shafts "were covered with a wooden or stone lid."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "wooden or stone" (the material). The object itself is required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The object used for covering the shafts is the Lid.

📝 Question 5:

A plumb line with a weight attached ensured the shafts were vertical.

🔹 Correct Answer: Weight
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: To ensure verticality, the Romans "hung a plumb line... and made sure that the weight at the end of it hung in the center of the shaft." The weight's position was the indicator.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "plumb line" (the tool) or "rod" (the support). The measuring component that was checked is required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The essential part of the vertical measurement tool is the Weight.

📝 Question 6:

Handholds and footholds assisted workers with climbing.

🔹 Correct Answer: Climbing
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The shafts "were equipped with handholds and footholds to help those climbing in and out of them."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "handholds and footholds" (the objects). The activity they assisted is required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The action enabled by the handholds and footholds is Climbing.

QUESTIONS 7-10 (Passage 1: Roman Tunnels)

📝 Question 7:

The counter-excavation method completely replaced the qanat method in the 6th century BCE.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage says counter-excavation "appeared... in which the tunnel was constructed from both ends. It was used to cut through high mountains when the qanat method was not a practical alternative." This implies the qanat method remained in use where it was practical, meaning it was not completely replaced.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming the emergence of a new method means the old one is obsolete.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "not a practical alternative" suggests the methods were complementary rather than one completely replacing the other.

📝 Question 8:

Only experienced builders were employed to construct a tunnel using the counter-excavation method.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Not stated in the text.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage describes the *technique* of counter-excavation but does not mention the required *experience level* (only experienced) of the builders.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Inferring high skill from the technical complexity.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The answer is NOT GIVEN because the specific detail about the workers' qualifications is absent.

📝 Question 9:

The information about a problem that occurred during the construction of the Saldae aqueduct system was found in an ancient book.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The information was found in an "inscription written on the side of a 428-meter tunnel," not in an ancient book.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the specific source ("inscription") with a general historical source ("ancient book").
⭐ Key Learning Point: The specific source of the historical data (inscription) contradicts the general source (book).

📝 Question 10:

The mistake made by the builders of the Saldae aqueduct system was that the two parts of the tunnel failed to meet.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The inscription describes how the two teams of builders "missed each other in the mountain." Missing each other means the two parts of the tunnel failed to meet.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. "Missed each other" is a direct synonym for "failed to meet."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The descriptive phrase "missed each other" confirms the nature of the mistake.

QUESTIONS 11-13 (Passage 1: Roman Tunnels)

📝 Question 11:

What type of mineral were the Dolaucothi mines in Wales built to extract?

🔹 Correct Answer: Gold
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states: "Traces of such tunnels used to mine gold can still be found at the Dolaucothi mines in Wales."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "tunnels" or "mineral vein." The specific mineral is required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The question asks for the specific mineral extracted at that location.

📝 Question 12:

In addition to the patron, whose name might be carved onto a tunnel?

🔹 Correct Answer: Architect
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Inscriptions showed "the names of patrons who ordered construction and sometimes the name of the architect."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "patrons" (already mentioned in the question). The second person whose name was sometimes included is required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The person responsible for the design (architect) is the second name often mentioned.

📝 Question 13:

What part of Seleuceia Pieria was the Çevlik tunnel built to protect?

🔹 Correct Answer: Harbor
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The tunnel was "built to divert the floodwater threatening the harbor of the ancient city of Seleuceia Pieria."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "floodwater" (the threat) or "city" (the main location). The specific part of the city being protected is required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The object that was "threatening" is the Harbor.

QUESTIONS 14-17 (Passage 2: The Demise of Deep Reading)

📝 Question 14:

What is the writer’s main point in the first paragraph?

🔹 Correct Answer: A. Our use of technology is having a hidden effect on us.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph mentions that a "game-changing transformation links everyone" which is "Unbeknown to most of us, an invisible... transformation links everyone in this picture." This unknown, invisible change is the hidden effect.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option C is too narrow; the effect is on the neuronal circuit underlying *all* reading.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrases "Unbeknown to most of us" and "invisible" confirm the idea of a hidden effect.

📝 Question 15:

What main point does Sherry Turkle make about innovation?

🔹 Correct Answer: B. We should pay attention to what might be lost when innovation occurs.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Turkle says "we do not err as a society when we innovate but when we ignore what we disrupt or diminish while innovating." "What we disrupt or diminish" refers to what might be lost.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option A focuses on the necessity of innovation, which is not Turkle's main point here.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The verbs "disrupt or diminish" are the core concepts that must be paid attention to.

📝 Question 16:

What point is the writer making in the fourth paragraph?

🔹 Correct Answer: D. Some brain circuits adjust to whatever is required of them.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph states the reading circuit "needs an environment to develop. Further, it will adapt to that environment’s requirements... If the dominant medium advantages processes that are fast... so will the reading circuit." This illustrates the circuit's adaptability/adjustment.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option B states the circuit is fixed, which is directly contradicted by the text ("is not given... through a genetic blueprint").
⭐ Key Learning Point: The core idea is the brain's plasticity, explicitly stated as its ability to "adapt to that environment’s requirements."

📝 Question 17:

According to Mark Edmundson, the attitude of college students...

🔹 Correct Answer: B. has influenced what they select to read.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 9
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Edmundson notes students "actively avoid the classic literature... in favour of something simpler as they no longer have the patience to read longer, denser, more difficult texts." Their lack of patience (attitude) leads them to simpler texts (selection).
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option A is not mentioned; the focus is on the students' reading choices, not the teacher's motivation.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The lack of "patience" (attitude) is the cause of the simplified "selection."

QUESTIONS 18-22 (Passage 2: The Demise of Deep Reading)

📝 Question 18:

There have been many studies on digital screen use, showing some 18.... trends.

🔹 Correct Answer: Worrying
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The deep reading processes "may be under threat as we move into digital-based modes of reading." A process under threat is a worrying trend. Option D is the closest fit for the list of available options.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using a word like "threat" (the cause) instead of the descriptive adjective for the trend.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The tone of the research (under threat) points to a Worrying trend.

📝 Question 19:

Her team then used a question-and-answer technique to find out how 19.... each group’s understanding of the plot was.

🔹 Correct Answer: Thorough
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 10
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The study compared groups "particularly in their ability to sequence detail and reconstruct the plot in chronological order." Sequencing and reconstructing the plot requires a thorough (H) understanding, beyond superficial comprehension.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using a general word like "deep." The word "thorough" captures the level of detail being tested.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The specific methods used (sequence detail, reconstruct plot) confirm they tested for a Thorough understanding.

📝 Question 20:

The findings showed a clear pattern in the responses, with those who read screens finding the order of information 20.... to recall.

🔹 Correct Answer: Hard
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 10
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The screen readers were found to be inferior to print readers, "particularly in their ability to sequence detail and reconstruct the plot." Inferior ability to sequence means they found it hard (F) to recall the order.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "inferior" (too vague). The resulting difficulty is the required word.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The difficulty in sequencing is the specific finding of the study.

📝 Question 21:

Studies by Ziming Liu show that students are tending to read 21.... words and phrases in a text to save time.

🔹 Correct Answer: Isolated
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 11
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Liu’s work indicates the "new norm’ in reading is skimming, involving word-spotting and browsing through the text." Spotting individual words and phrases means reading isolated (B) elements.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "skimming" or "word-spotting" (the method) instead of the descriptive adjective for the information read.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The reading style (skimming, word-spotting) focuses on Isolated pieces of information.

📝 Question 22:

This approach, she says, gives the reader a superficial understanding of the 22.... content of material, leaving no time for thought.

🔹 Correct Answer: Emotional
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 11
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: When skimming, "we don’t have time to grasp complexity, to understand another’s feelings, to perceive beauty..." Understanding another's feelings relates to the emotional (C) content.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "feelings" or "complexity." The category of content being missed is required.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The missing comprehension of "feelings" and "beauty" confirms the superficial grasp of Emotional content.

QUESTIONS 23-26 (Passage 2: The Demise of Deep Reading)

📝 Question 23:

The medium we use to read can affect our choice of reading content.

🔹 Correct Answer: YES
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 9
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Mark Edmundson observes students "actively avoid the classic literature... in favour of something simpler" because they lack patience. This lack of patience is linked to digital reading habits, confirming that the medium is influencing the *choice* of content.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The avoidance of complex texts in favor of simple ones supports the change in choice.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The consequence of diminished patience is a change in reading Choice.

📝 Question 24:

Some age groups are more likely to lose their complex reading skills than others.

🔹 Correct Answer: NO
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 12
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The author explicitly states: "Nor is it only about the young. The subtle atrophy of critical analysis and empathy affects us all equally." This contradicts the claim that "some age groups are more likely" than others.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Assuming the young are more affected because they use screens more often.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The definitive phrase "affects us all equally" confirms NO.

📝 Question 25:

False information has become more widespread in today’s digital era.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 12
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text mentions the decline in critical thinking might make us "vulnerable to the worst sides of the digital world," but does not state that the volume or spread of false information itself has increased.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Inferring increased misinformation from the vulnerability to it.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The change in the quantity or prevalence of false information is NOT GIVEN.

📝 Question 26:

We still have opportunities to rectify the problems that technology is presenting.

🔹 Correct Answer: YES
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 13
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The concluding paragraph states: "We possess both the science and the technology to identify and redress the changes in how we read before they become entrenched." "Possessing the means to identify and redress" confirms the existence of opportunities to rectify the problems.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The final sentence is clearly optimistic and action-oriented.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The author’s conclusion (We possess the science and technology to redress the changes) confirms YES.

QUESTIONS 27-32 (Passage 3: Building Trust in AI)

📝 Question 27:

Section A

🔹 Correct Answer: iii. The superiority of AI projections over those made by humans
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph A
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph introduces the topic by stating "AI is almost always better at forecasting than we are" and lists examples (crime, medical diagnoses). This highlights AI's superior predictive ability.
⚠️ Potential Traps: The last sentence transitions to the problem (lack of confidence), but the paragraph's main theme is AI's demonstrated competence.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The contrast between AI being "better at forecasting" and human forecasting is key to this heading.

📝 Question 28:

Section B

🔹 Correct Answer: vi. Widespread distrust of an AI innovation
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: This paragraph focuses entirely on "Watson for Oncology" and how doctors "either found the advice redundant or questioned its competence." This is an example of widespread distrust of a specific AI application.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The example of Watson and the doctor's reaction is a clear demonstration of distrust.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The doctors' rejection of Watson's advice is evidence of widespread distrust.

📝 Question 29:

Section C

🔹 Correct Answer: ii. Reasons why we have more faith in human judgment than in AI
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: This section contrasts human trust (based on shared experience/reliability) with AI. It explains that AI is a "black box" whose complexity and opacity cause anxiety and a feeling of lost control. These are the reasons for mistrusting AI and thus having more faith in humans.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The contrast between human and AI trust is the central theme.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The description of AI as a "black box" is the reason for the lack of faith.

📝 Question 30:

Section D

🔹 Correct Answer: i. An increasing divergence of attitudes towards AI
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph D
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The experiment demonstrated that watching films about AI "polarised the participants’ attitudes." Polarization means a growing separation, or divergence of attitudes.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option iv is incorrect as the attitude change was only temporary. The main finding is the polarization effect.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The core finding of the experiment, represented by the term "polarised," confirms the heading.

📝 Question 31:

Section E

🔹 Correct Answer: viii. Suggestions for building trust in AI
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph E
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The paragraph begins with: "Fortunately, we already have some ideas about how to improve trust in AI," and lists solutions like prior experience and greater transparency. This makes it a list of suggestions for building trust.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option v is incorrect; the focus is on solutions for *trust*, not solutions for *bias*.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The opening sentence sets the theme: "how to improve trust in AI."

📝 Question 32:

Section F

🔹 Correct Answer: v. The advantages of involving users in AI processes
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph F
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The research suggests that "allowing people some control over AI decision-making could also improve trust and enable AI to learn from human experience." Allowing control is involving users, and the results (improved trust, satisfaction) are the advantages.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The focus on user control and its positive outcomes is the key.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The experimental finding that user control enhances outcomes confirms this heading.

QUESTIONS 33-35 (Passage 3: Building Trust in AI)

📝 Question 33:

What is the writer doing in Section A?

🔹 Correct Answer: C. Highlighting the existence of a problem
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph A
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: After listing AI's successes, the writer introduces the contrast: "Yet for all these technological advances, we still seem to deeply lack confidence in AI predictions." This lack of confidence is the problem being highlighted.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option B only describes the initial part of the paragraph. The main point is the *problem* stated after the transition ("Yet").
⭐ Key Learning Point: The contrast word "Yet" signals the writer's pivot to the main challenge/problem.

📝 Question 34:

According to Section C, why might some people be reluctant to accept AI?

🔹 Correct Answer: B. Its complexity makes them feel that they are at a disadvantage.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The decision-making process is "too difficult for most people to comprehend." This lack of understanding "can cause anxiety and give us a sense that we’re losing control." A lack of comprehension and loss of control creates a disadvantage/vulnerability.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option A focuses only on the "black box" metaphor and misses the resulting human emotion/feeling.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The feeling of "losing control" stems from the complexity and confirms B.

📝 Question 35:

What does the writer say about the media in Section C of the text?

🔹 Correct Answer: A. It leads the public to be mistrustful of AI.
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The writer states: "Embarrassing AI failures receive a disproportionate amount of media attention, emphasizing the message that we cannot rely on technology." Highlighting failures reinforces negative views and leads to mistrust.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option B is too general. The focus is specifically on the failure stories.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The media's disproportionate focus on failures fuels the public's reluctance to rely on AI.

QUESTIONS 36-40 (Passage 3: Building Trust in AI)

📝 Question 36:

Subjective depictions of AI in sci-fi films make people change their opinions about automation.

🔹 Correct Answer: NO
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph D
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text explains that watching films "polarised the participants’ attitudes." This means people interpreted the evidence to support their *existing* attitudes ("confirmation bias") rather than changing them.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Missing the concept of "confirmation bias," which involves resisting a change in opinion.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The result was polarization (strengthening existing views), not change.

📝 Question 37:

Portrayals of AI in media and entertainment are likely to become more positive.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Not stated in the text.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage discusses the *effect* of portrayals (polarization) and the *media's focus* on failures, but it does not predict whether future portrayals will be more positive or negative.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The prediction of future media content is missing.
⭐ Key Learning Point: A prediction about the future frequency or tone of media content is NOT GIVEN.

📝 Question 38:

Refusing to use the technology of AI will inevitably lead to a serious disadvantage for some people.

🔹 Correct Answer: YES
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph D
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states: "refusing to accept the advantages offered by AI could place a large group of people at a serious disadvantage."
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. This is a direct statement of potential consequence.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The potential for a "serious disadvantage" confirms YES.

📝 Question 39:

Familiarity with AI has very little impact on people’s attitudes to the technology.

🔹 Correct Answer: NO
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph E
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states: "Simply having previous experience with AI can significantly improve people’s opinions about the technology." "Significantly improve" contradicts the claim of "very little impact."
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The contradictory phrase is clear evidence for NO.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The strong phrase "significantly improve" proves the statement FALSE.

📝 Question 40:

AI applications which users are able to modify are more likely to gain consumer approval.

🔹 Correct Answer: YES
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph F
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: When people were allowed "the freedom to slightly modify an algorithm, they felt more satisfied with its decisions, more likely to believe it was superior and more likely to use it in the future." Being more likely to use it confirms greater consumer approval.
⚠️ Potential Traps: None. The modification led directly to positive outcomes (more satisfied, more likely to use).
⭐ Key Learning Point: The positive results (more satisfied, more likely to use) confirm YES.