تحلیل لیسنینگ آیلتس آکادمیک و جنرال کمبریج 10 - تست 2: بررسی سوالات، نکات کلیدی و استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی

Good morning. I’m very pleased to have this opportunity to say a little about two exciting new developments in the city: the Brackenside Open-Air Swimming Pool and the children’s Adventure Playground in Central Park. As many of you may know, the idea for these initiatives came from 📍Q11 you, the public, in the extensive consultation exercise which the City Council conducted last year. And they have been realised using money from the SWRDC – the South West Regional Development Commission.

First of all, Brackenside Pool. As many of the older members of the audience will remember, there used to be a wonderful open-air pool on the sea front 30 years ago but it had to close when it was judged to be unsafe. For the design of this new heated pool, we were very happy to secure the talents of internationally renowned architect Ellen Wendon, who has managed to combine a charming 1930s design, which fits is so well with many of the other buildings in the area, with up-to-the-minute features such as a 📍Q12 recycling system – the only one of its kind in the world – which enables seawater to be used in the pool.

Now, there has been quite a bit of discussion in the local press about whether there would be 📍Q13 enough room for the number of visitors we’re hoping to attract, but the design is deceptive and there have been rigorous checks about capacity. Also, just in case you were wondering, we’re on schedule for a June 15th opening date and well within budget: a testimony to the excellent work of local contractors Hickman’s.

We hope that as many people as possible will be there on June 15th. We have engaged award-winning actress Coral White to declare the pool open and there’ll be drinks and snacks available at the pool side. There’ll also be a competition for the public to decide on the 📍Q14 sculpture we plan to have at the entrance: you will decide which famous historical figure from the city we should have.

And now, moving on the Central Park Playground, which we’re pleased to announce has just won the Douglas Award for safety: the news came through only last week. The unique design is based on the concept of the Global Village, with the playground being divided into sex areas showing different parts of the world – each with a representative feature. For example, there is a section on Asia, and this is represented by rides and equipment in the shape of snakes, orang-utans, tigers and so on – 📍Q15 fauna native to the forests of the region. Moving south to the Antarctic – we couldn’t run to an ice rink I’m afraid but opted instead for climbing blocks in the shape of 📍Q16 mountains – I thought they could have had slides for the glaciers but the designers did want to avoid being too literal! Then on to South America – and here the theme is El Dorado – games replicating the search for mines full of 📍Q17 precious stones. And then moving up to North America, here there was considerable debate – I know the contribution of cinema and jazz was considered but the designers finally opted for 📍Q18 rockets and the international Space Station. Eastwards to Europe then, and perhaps the most traditional choice of all the areas: 📍Q19 medieval castles and other fortifications. Then last, but not least, moving south to Africa and a whole set of wonderful mosaics and trails to represent the 📍Q20 great rivers of this fascinating and varied continent.

Now, the opening date for our Global Playground is 10th July. And again we’d love to see you there – so make a date and come and see this magnificent, original new amenity right in the heart of the city.

📝 Question 21 & 22: Which TWO hobbies was Thor Heyerdahl very interested in as a youth?

🔹 Correct Answers: B climbing, C collecting

📍 Location in Audio Script: "OLIVIA: Sure. Why don’t you begin with describing the type of boy he was, especially his passion for collecting things. (Q21&Q22) ... VICTOR: No, it was climbing that he spent his time on as a young man. (Q21&Q22)"

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: **Olivia** mentions "**collecting** things," and **Victor** adds that he spent his time "**climbing**."

⚠️ Potential Traps: The listener needs to identify the two hobbies, ignoring what he did not do like hunting.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Identify two different hobbies mentioned, and not what he was not interested in.

📝 Question 23 & 24: Which do the speakers say are the TWO reasons why Heyerdahl went to live on an island?

🔹 Correct Answers: B to experience an isolated place, E to study the impact of an extreme environment

📍 Location in Audio Script: "OLIVIA: ...they decided to experience living on a small island, to find out how harsh weather conditions shaped people’s lifestyles. (Q23&Q24)"

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The speakers explain that **Heyerdahl** wanted to experience "**living on a small island**" (**isolated place**) to understand how "**harsh weather conditions shaped people’s lifestyles**" (**extreme environment**).

⚠️ Potential Traps: The listener might be drawn to the fact that he examined ancient carvings there, which is a different part of his story.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on the reasons stated for why he went to live on the island.

📝 Question 25: According to Victor and Olivia, academics thought that Polynesian migration from the east was impossible due to

🔹 Correct Answer: A the fact that Eastern countries were far away.

📍 Location in Audio Script: "VICTOR: Yes, they thought that travel from the east was impossible, because of the huge, empty stretch of ocean that lies between the islands and the nearest inhabited land. (Q25)"

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: **Victor** directly states that academics thought it was impossible due to "the **huge, empty stretch of ocean**," which aligns with the Eastern countries being **far away**.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The lack of boat building materials is stated but is not the key reason for the academics' opinion.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay close attention to the reason that the academics gave.

📝 Question 26: Which do the speakers agree was the main reason for Heyerdahl’s raft journey?

🔹 Correct Answer: C to test a new theory

📍 Location in Audio Script: "OLIVIA: Well, I think it was more a matter of simply trying out his idea, to see if migration from the east was possible. (Q26)"

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: **Olivia** suggests that he did the journey "**to see if migration from the east was possible**," which is a way of **testing his theory**.

⚠️ Potential Traps: **Victor** wonders if there was a personal motivation, but **Olivia** clarifies that it was to test a theory.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay attention to the final conclusion of what the main reason was.

📝 Question 27: What was most important to Heyerdahl about his raft journey?

🔹 Correct Answer: C the use of authentic construction methods

📍 Location in Audio Script: "VICTOR: The most important factor seems to have been that he use only ancient techniques and local materials to build his raft. (Q27)"

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: **Victor** states "**the most important factor**" was that he used "**ancient techniques and local materials**" (**authentic construction methods**).

⚠️ Potential Traps: Other aspects like speed are mentioned but are not the main focus.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on the stated **most important element**.

📝 Question 28: Why did Heyerdahl go to Easter Island?

🔹 Correct Answer: A to build a stone statue

📍 Location in Audio Script: "VICTOR: But what he wanted to do was talk to the local people about their old stone carvings and then make one himself to learn more about the process. (Q28)"

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: **Victor** says that **Heyerdahl** wanted to "**make one himself**" after speaking to the local people about their stone carvings (**build a stone statue**).

⚠️ Potential Traps: The listener might be distracted by other activities he did, like sailing reed boats at a different time.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on the direct reason for the trip.

📝 Question 29: In Olivia’s opinion, Heyerdahl’s greatest influence was on

🔹 Correct Answer: B the development of archaeological methodology.

📍 Location in Audio Script: "OLIVIA: To my mind, he was first person to establish what modern academics call practical archaeology. I mean, that they try to recreate something from the past today (Q29)..."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: **Olivia** states that he "established what modern academics call **practical archaeology**" which is about the **development of archaeological methodology** (recreation).

⚠️ Potential Traps: **Olivia** mentions his theories about Polynesian origin as having been discredited, but she admires his methodology.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on what **Olivia** says his lasting impact was.

📝 Question 30: Which criticism do the speakers make of William Oliver’s textbook?

🔹 Correct Answer: A Its style is out of date.

📍 Location in Audio Script: "VICTOR: I thought the research methods he used were very sound, although I must say I found the overall tone somewhat old-fashioned. (Q30)"

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: **Victor** states that he found the "overall tone somewhat **old-fashioned**," which implies that the **style is out of date**.

⚠️ Potential Traps: **Victor** says the research methods were sound, and **Olivia** mentions the subject matter was complex.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay attention to the language that is used to indicate the speaker's **criticism**.

VICTOR: Right, well, for our presentation shall I start with the early life of Thor Heyerdahl?

OLIVIA: Sure. Why don’t you begin with describing the type of boy he was, especially his passion for 📍Q21&Q22 collecting things.

VICTOR: That’s right, he had his own the little museum. And I think it’s unusual for children to develop their own values and not join in their parents’ hobbies; I’m thinking of how Heyerdahl wouldn’t go hunting with his dad, for example.

OLIVIA: Yeah, he preferred to learn about nature by listening to his mother read to him. And quite early on he knew he wanted to become an explorer when he grew up. That came from his camping trips he went on in Norway I think …

VICTOR: No, it was 📍Q21&Q22 climbing that he spent his time on as a young man.

OLIVIA: Oh, right … After university he married a classmate and together, they decided to experience 📍Q23&Q24 living on a small island, to find out how 📍Q23&Q24 harsh weather conditions shaped people’s lifestyles.

VICTOR: As part of their preparation before they left home, they learnt basic survival skills like building a shelter. I guess they needed that knowledge in order to live wild in a remote location with few inhabitants, cut of by the sea, which is what they were aiming to do.

OLIVIA: An important part of your talk should be the radical theory Heyerdahl formed from examining mysterious ancient carvings that he happened to find on the island. I think you should finish with that.

VICTOR: OK.

OLIVIA: All right, Victor, so after your part I’ll talk about Thor Heyerdahl’s adult life, continuing from the theory he had about Polynesian migration: Up until that time of course, academics had believed that humans first migrated to the islands in Polynesia from Asia, in the west.

VICTOR: Yes, they thought that travel from the east was impossible, because of the 📍Q25 huge, empty stretch of ocean that lies between the islands and the nearest inhabited land.

OLIVIA: Yes, but Heyerdahl spent ages studying the cloud movements, ocean currents and wind patterns to find if it was actually possible. And another argument was that there was no tradition of large ship-building in the communities lying to the east of Polynesia. But Heyerdahl knew they made lots of coastal voyages in locally built canoes.

VICTOR: Yes, or sailing on rafts, as was shown by the long voyage that Heyerdahl did next. It was an incredibly risky journey to undertake – sometimes I wonder if he did that trip for private reasons, you know? To show others that he could have spectacular adventures. What do you think, Olivia?

OLIVIA: Well, I think it was more a matter of simply 📍Q26 trying out his idea, to see if migration from the east was possible.

VICTOR: Yes, that’s probably it. And the poor guy suffered a bit at that time because the war forced him to stop his work for some years …

OLIVIA: Yes. When he got started again and planned his epic voyage, do you think it was important to him that he achieve it before anyone else did?

VICTOR: Um, I haven’t read anywhere that that was his motivation. The 📍Q27 most important factor seems to have been that he use only ancient techniques and local materials to build his raft.

OLIVIA: Yes. I wonder how fast it went.

VICTOR: Well, it took them 97 days from South America to the Pacific Island.

OLIVIA: Mm. And after that, Heyerdahl went to Easter Island, didn’t he? We should mention the purpose of that trip. I think he sailed there in a boat made out of reeds.

VICTOR: No, that was later on in Egypt, Olivia.

OLIVIA: Oh, yes, that’s right.

VICTOR: But what he wanted to do was talk to the local people about their old stone carvings and then 📍Q28 make one himself to learn more about the process.

OLIVIA: I see. Well, what a great life. Even though many of his theories have been disproven, he certainly left a lasting impression on many disciplines, didn’t he? To my mind, he was first person to establish what modern academics call 📍Q29 practical archaeology. I mean, that they try to recreate something from the past today, like he did with his raft trip. It’s unfortunate that his ideas about where Polynesians originated from have been completely discredited.

VICTOR: Yes. Right, well, I’ll prepare a PowerPoint slide at the end that acknowledges our sources. I mainly used The Life and Work of Thor Heyerdahl by William Oliver. I thought the research methods he used were very sound, although I must say I found the overall tone somewhat 📍Q30 old-fashioned. I think they need to do a new, revised edition.

OLIVIA: Yeah, I agree. What about the subject matter – I found it really challenging!

VICTOR: Well, it’s a complex issue …

OLIVIA: I thought the book had lots of good points. What did you think of …

📝 Question 31: ● greater 31 ..... among companies

🔹 Correct Answer: competition

📍 Location in Audio Script: "I’m sure a really significant development will be a major increase in competition, with companies from all round the world trying to sell similar products (Q31)."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The speaker says there will be a "major increase in **competition**," which directly answers the question.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The speaker goes on to talk about mergers but not as the correct answer for this question.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Listen for key words or synonyms for what might be going on in the business market.

📝 Question 32: ● increase in power of large 32 ...... Companies

🔹 Correct Answer: global

📍 Location in Audio Script: "At the same time, mergers and takeovers mean that governments are actually losing power to major global corporations (Q32)."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The speaker states that governments are losing power to "major **global** corporations," implying an increase in power for **global** companies.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The speaker does mention mergers and takeovers, but not as the correct answer for this question.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay close attention to the description of what is increasing in power.

📝 Question 33: ● rising 33 ...... in certain countries

🔹 Correct Answer: demand

📍 Location in Audio Script: "A third point I want to make about markets is that in the rapidly expanding economies, such as India, China, Brazil and Russia, demand is growing very fast (Q33)."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The speaker mentions "**demand** is growing very fast" in certain countries, which answers the question.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The listener must recognize the connection between rapidly expanding economies and the rising **demand**.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Listen for the specific term that describes what is increasing.

📝 Question 34: ● more discussion with 34 ..... before making business decisions

🔹 Correct Answer: customers

📍 Location in Audio Script: "In particular, companies are consulting customers more and more before making their business decisions (Q34)."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The speaker states that companies are "consulting **customers** more and more."

⚠️ Potential Traps: There is no discussion with other groups mentioned.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Be ready for the answer to be a very specific group of people.

📝 Question 35: ● environmental concerns which may lead to more 35 .....

🔹 Correct Answer: regulation

📍 Location in Audio Script: "And in some cases, regulation will need to be strengthened. (Q35)"

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The speaker says "**regulation** will need to be strengthened," which indicates a move towards more **regulation**.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The other influences he discusses are not the direct answer to the question.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on the result or actions caused by environmental concerns.

📝 Question 36: ● more teams will be formed to work on a particular 36 .....

🔹 Correct Answer: project

📍 Location in Audio Script: "I think we’re going to see a greater emphasis within companies on teams created with a specific project in mind (Q36)."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The speaker states that teams will be formed with "a specific **project** in mind," which directly answers the question.

⚠️ Potential Traps: There is no mention of other types of activities or units of work.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Focus on the purpose for the new teams.

📝 Question 37: ● businesses may need to offer hours that are 37 .....

🔹 Correct Answer: flexible

📍 Location in Audio Script: "Typical examples that will attract and retain staff are traditional ones like flexible hours (Q37)..."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The speaker says businesses may need to offer "**flexible** hours," which answers the question directly.

⚠️ Potential Traps: Working remotely is mentioned but not the answer to this question.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Listen for examples of what will help attract staff.

📝 Question 38: ● increasing need for managers to provide good 38 .....

🔹 Correct Answer: leadership

📍 Location in Audio Script: "Above all they’ll need great skills in leadership (Q38)..."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The speaker says that managers will need skills in "**leadership**," which directly answers the question.

⚠️ Potential Traps: Other skills are mentioned but not the specific skill discussed as necessary for good management.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for specific **leadership** skills that are necessary.

📝 Question 39: ● changes influenced by 39 ..... taking senior roles

🔹 Correct Answer: women

📍 Location in Audio Script: "...caused above all, by more women moving into senior management positions. (Q39)"

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The speaker states that changes will be caused by "more **women** moving into senior management positions."

⚠️ Potential Traps: The speaker mentions the age of the managers, but not as the answer to the question.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay close attention to who is influencing the changes in management.

📝 Question 40: ● more and more 40 ...... workers

🔹 Correct Answer: self-employed

📍 Location in Audio Script: "Instead, more and more people are becoming self-employed (Q40)..."

🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The speaker states that "more and more people are becoming **self-employed**," which answers the question directly.

⚠️ Potential Traps: The speaker also discusses companies, but the question is about what workers are doing.

⭐ Key Learning Point: Identify what workers are doing instead of working for companies.

Well, I’ve been talking to managers in a number of businesses, and reading surveys about the future of management. And what I’m going to present in this seminar is a few ideas about how the activity is likely to change in the next ten years. It isn’t a scientific, statistical analysis – just some ideas for us to discuss.

One area I want to mention is business markets, and I’m sure a really significant development will be a major increase in 📍Q31 competition, with companies from all round the world trying to sell similar products. Consumers will have much more choice – for instance, food products sold in Australia might be manufactured in the USA, China, Finland and dozens of other countries. At the same time, mergers and takeovers mean that governments are actually losing power to major 📍Q32 global corporations. We can probably all think of companies that exert a great deal of influence, which may be good for consumers. A third point I want to make about markets is that in the rapidly expanding economies, such as India, China, Brazil and Russia, 📍Q33 demand is growing very fast. This is putting pressure on resources all over the world.

I think businesses are becoming more open to external influences. In particular, companies are consulting 📍Q34 customers more and more before making their business decisions. Companies are finding out what they want and providing it, instead of making products and then trying to sell them, which is the model of years ago.

Another influence is that concerns about the environment will force manufacturers to extend product lifecycles, to reduce the amount of pollution and waste. And in some cases, 📍Q35 regulation will need to be strengthened.

Many societies are much more fluid and democratic, and the structure of companies is changing to reflect that. I think we’re going to see a greater emphasis within companies on teams created with a specific 📍Q36 project in mind. And when they’re completed, the teams will be disbanded and new ones formed.

More and more people see work as simply one part of their lifestyle, and not the most important one, and as the workforce is shrinking in some countries, businesses are having to compete for staff instead of being about to choose among a lot of applicants. Typical examples that will attract and retain staff are traditional ones like 📍Q37 flexible hours and – something that has been made possible by advances in technology – remote working, with people based at their home, abroad, or almost anywhere they choose.

Management styles will almost certainly continue to change. Senior managers will require a lot more than the efficiency that they’ve always needed. Above all they’ll need great skills in 📍Q38 leadership, so that their organisation can initiate and respond to change in a fast-moving world, where they face lots of competing requirements and potential conflicts.

In most of the world, the senior managers of large businesses are mainly men in their fifties and sixties. The predominant style of management will almost certainly become more consultative and collaborative, caused above all, by more 📍Q39 women moving into senior management positions.

Many of the changes are influenced by developments in the wider economy. The traditional emphasis of business was manufacturing, and of course the service sector is very important. But we shouldn’t overlook the growing financial contribution of IP, that is, intellectual property. Some books and films generate enormous sums from the sale of related DVDs, music, games, clothes, and so on.

Another point I’d like to make is that although I’ve been talking about companies, one trend that they have to face is the move away from people working for the same employer for years. Instead, more and more people are becoming 📍Q40 self-employed, to gain the freedom and control over their lives that they’re unlikely to get from being employed.

OK, well that’s all I want to say, so let’s open it up for discussion.