تحلیل ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک کمبریج 14 - تست 1: بررسی سوالات، نکات کلیدی و استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی

مقدمه

بخش ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک یکی از مهارت‌های حیاتی در آزمون آیلتس است که نیازمند درک سریع و دقیق متون علمی، مدیریت زمان و تسلط بر انواع سوالات می‌باشد. در این مقاله، تحلیل تست ۱ ریدینگ از کتاب آیلتس کمبریج ۱۴ (Cambridge IELTS 14) را ارائه می‌دهیم. هدف ما بررسی ساختار متن‌ها، استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی و نکات کلیدی برای کمک به داوطلبان در کسب نمره بهتر در این بخش است. این تست شامل سه متن آکادمیک است که به ترتیب سطح دشواری آن‌ها افزایش می‌یابد. داوطلبان باید با انواع سوالات مانند True/False/Not Given، Matching Headings، Multiple Choice و Summary Completion آشنا باشند و استراتژی‌های مناسبی برای هر نوع سوال اتخاذ کنند. در این مقاله، به بررسی نکات کلیدی متن‌ها، تحلیل دقیق سوالات، شناسایی اشتباهات رایج و ارائه روش‌های بهینه برای بهبود سرعت و دقت در پاسخ‌دهی خواهیم پرداخت. با مطالعه این راهنما، می‌توانید نقاط ضعف خود را تقویت کرده و عملکرد بهتری در بخش ریدینگ آیلتس داشته باشید.

برای دیدن بقیهٔ تحلیل‌ها به لینک زیر بروید:

پالت ناوبری سوالات

QUESTIONS 1-8 (Passage 1: Children's Play)

📝 Question 1:

building a ‘magical kingdom’ may help develop 1 ....

🔹 Correct Answer: creativity
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 1.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states: "this fantasy is helping her take her first steps towards her capacity for creativity..." The phrase "magical kingdom" is the context for "fantasy," directly linking it to the development of creativity.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing on "repurcussions" or "adult life" instead of the primary skill being developed.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for direct synonyms or phrases that explicitly name the skill resulting from the activity.

📝 Question 2:

board games involve 2 .... and turn-taking

🔹 Correct Answer: rules
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 2.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage mentions a board game and that the child is learning about "the need to follow rules and take turns with a partner." The two concepts are listed together.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Overlooking the word "need" and focusing on the social partner instead of the concept of "rules."
⭐ Key Learning Point: Pay attention to lists of items in the text that correspond to blanks in the question.

📝 Question 3:

population of 3 .... have grown

🔹 Correct Answer: cities
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text points out that "over half the people in the world now live in cities." This change in residential patterns implies the population of cities has grown significantly.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Writing "people" or "world" instead of the place whose population growth is highlighted.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Contextual clues like "live in" help identify the correct noun, which must be a location.

📝 Question 4:

opportunities for free play are limited due to – fear of 4 ....

🔹 Correct Answer: traffic
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The first reason listed for limited outdoor play is "perceptions of risk to do with traffic." This directly identifies traffic as a primary fear.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "risk" which is too general. The question asks for the object of the fear.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the specific danger mentioned after the general idea of "risk."

📝 Question 5:

opportunities for free play are limited due to – fear of 5 .....

🔹 Correct Answer: crime
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The second limiting factor is "parents’ increased wish to protect their children from being the victims of crime." Crime is the second specific fear.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Writing "victims" or "parents" instead of the cause of the parental wish for protection.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The structure of the sentence ("victims of X") helps confirm that crime is the correct object.

📝 Question 6:

opportunities for free play are limited due to– increased 6 ..... in schools

🔹 Correct Answer: competition
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The final factor is "the emphasis on ‘earlier is better’ which is leading to greater competition in academic learning and schools."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "learning" or "academic" which are modifiers, not the central factor increasing in schools.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "greater competition" is the clearest parallel to "increased... in schools."

📝 Question 7:

International policies on children’s play – it is difficult to find 7 ..... to support new policies

🔹 Correct Answer: evidence
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: When discussing policies, the text notes they "often lack is the evidence to base policies on." This is the specific element that is difficult to find for support.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "policies" or "organizations" which are not the *missing support*.
⭐ Key Learning Point: "Base policies on" is a strong collocational hint for evidence or data.

📝 Question 8:

research needs to study the impact of play on the rest of the child’s 8 .....

🔹 Correct Answer: life
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage discusses a lack of data on the impact play "has on the child’s later life." The word "later" combined with "rest of the child's" points to the word life.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "impact" or "data" which are not the noun the question is seeking to complete.
⭐ Key Learning Point: "Later life" is a common phrase to describe a period following childhood.

QUESTIONS 9-13 (Passage 1: Children's Play)

📝 Question 9:

Children with good self-control are known to be likely to do well at school later on.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states: "the ability to self-regulate has been shown to be a key predictor of academic performance." "Self-regulate" is a synonym for "self-control," and "key predictor of academic performance" means they are likely to "do well at school."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the term "self-regulation" with other skills like "creativity."
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for synonyms: "self-control" = "self-regulate" and "do well at school" = "academic performance."

📝 Question 10:

The way a child plays may provide information about possible medical problems.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text notes that observing children at play "can even be useful in the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders like autism." These are examples of medical/health issues, confirming the statement.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Missing the clinical link and focusing only on "well-being."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "diagnosis of disorders" is a strong match for "possible medical problems."

📝 Question 11:

Playing with dolls was found to benefit girls’ writing more than boys’ writing.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Not mentioned (Paragraph 7 mentions the benefit, but no comparison).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage discusses the positive effect of playing with dolls on children's writing overall. However, it does not provide any comparison between the writing benefits for girls versus boys.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Inferring a gender-based difference based on the object (dolls) or the positive result.
⭐ Key Learning Point: For comparative statements ("more than X"), the comparison must be explicitly stated or implied in the text.

📝 Question 12:

Children had problems thinking up ideas when they first created the story with Lego.

🔹 Correct Answer: FALSE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 7 (The Lego study).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text explicitly states: "With the Lego building... not a single child said this [that they didn't know what to write about] through the whole year..." This directly contradicts the claim that they "had problems thinking up ideas."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Associating the difficulty with another part of the story creation process.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for absolute negatives (e.g., "not a single child") that strongly disprove the statement.

📝 Question 13:

People nowadays regard children’s play as less significant than they did in the past.

🔹 Correct Answer: TRUE
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 8.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage says: "the importance of play has been lost in recent decades. It’s regarded as something trivial..." "Trivial" and "lost" mean it is viewed as "less significant" today compared to the past.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Misinterpreting "contrasts with work" as the main point; the key is the *trivial* nature.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Phrases like "lost in recent decades" and synonyms for "unimportant" (trivial) confirm a decline in perceived significance.

QUESTIONS 14-18 (Passage 2: The White Bike Scheme)

📝 Question 14:

a description of how people misused a bike-sharing scheme

🔹 Correct Answer: E
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph E.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph E explicitly states the system "was prone to vandalism and theft" and mentions "bikes missing" after weekends. This clearly describes the misuse of the scheme.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the *misuse* of the bikes (vandalism/theft) with the *rejection* of the scheme (Paragraph C).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for words related to crime or destruction to match "misused."

📝 Question 15:

an explanation of why a proposed bike-sharing scheme was turned down

🔹 Correct Answer: C
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph C explains the council's reasoning: "They said that the bicycle belongs to the past. They saw a glorious future for the car." This is the explicit explanation for the rejection.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Mistaking the police removing the bikes (Paragraph B) for the city council *rejecting* the proposal.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The question asks for the reason for rejection, so look for a statement of opinion from the decision-makers (the council).

📝 Question 16:

a reference to a person being unable to profit from their work

🔹 Correct Answer: F
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph F.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph F contains Schimmelpennink's reflection: "But financially I didn’t really benefit from it, because I never filed for a patent." This directly states his inability to profit.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing "profit" with "success" or "popularity." The focus is on the financial aspect.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for financial terms like "financially," "benefit," or "patent" to identify the correct paragraph.

📝 Question 17:

an explanation of the potential savings a bike-sharing scheme would bring

🔹 Correct Answer: C
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph C.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Paragraph C provides specific calculations: a white bicycle "would cost the municipality only 10% of what it contributed to public transport..." This 90% reduction represents the potential savings.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing on the word "cost" and not the *comparison* that demonstrates the saving.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The use of numbers and comparisons is the key indicator for "potential savings."

📝 Question 18:

a reference to the problems a bike-sharing scheme was intended to solve

🔹 Correct Answer: A
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph A.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The first paragraph states the scheme "was an answer to the perceived threats of air pollution and consumerism." These are the problems it was intended to solve.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the problem (air pollution) with the cause (cars).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the phrase "an answer to" or similar language suggesting a proposed solution to a problem.

QUESTIONS 19 & 20 (Passage 2: The White Bike Scheme)

📝 Question 19 & 20:

Which TWO of the following statements are made in the text about the Amsterdam bike-sharing scheme of 1999?

🔹 Correct Answers: B (It failed when a partner in the scheme withdrew support.) and D (It was made possible by a change in people’s attitudes.)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraphs D and E.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer (B): Paragraph E states: "the biggest blow came when Postbank decided to abolish the chip card... the business partner had lost interest." This confirms the failure was due to a partner withdrawing support.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer (D): Paragraph D notes the new social climate: "People had become more environmentally conscious..." This change in public attitude made the scheme viable in 1999.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option A is incorrect; the Ministry of Transport *supported* the 1999 scheme (Paragraph D).
⭐ Key Learning Point: When checking multiple choice questions, treat each option as a separate True/False/Not Given statement against the relevant paragraph(s).

QUESTIONS 21 & 22 (Passage 2: The White Bike Scheme)

📝 Question 21 & 22:

Which TWO of the following statements are made in the text about Amsterdam today?

🔹 Correct Answers: D (A bike-sharing scheme would benefit residents who use public transport.) and E (The city has a reputation as a place that welcomes cyclists.)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph G.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer (D): Schimmelpennink suggests a need remains: "People who travel on the underground... often need additional transport to reach their final destination." This highlights the benefit for public transport users.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer (E): The city "is regarded as one of the two most cycle-friendly capitals in the world..." Being "cycle-friendly" directly means it has a reputation for welcoming cyclists.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Option C is an unconfirmed comparison: the text gives the percentage (38%) but does not confirm it is *more* than any other form of transport.
⭐ Key Learning Point: For questions about the present day, focus on the concluding paragraphs and look for evidence of status/reputation and ongoing needs.

QUESTIONS 23-26 (Passage 2: The White Bike Scheme)

📝 Question 23:

The people who belonged to this group were 23... (Provo)

🔹 Correct Answer: activists
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph A.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text introduces Provo as "a group of Dutch activists who wanted to change society." This identifies the profession/role of its members.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "Provo," which is the name of the group, not the role of its members.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The structure "a group of... who wanted to change society" strongly suggests the professional or political identity: activists.

📝 Question 24:

They were concerned about damage to the environment and about 24...

🔹 Correct Answer: consumerism
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph A.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text mentions the scheme was an answer to the threats of "air pollution and consumerism." Air pollution is a synonym for "damage to the environment," making consumerism the second concern.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "air pollution" which is already covered by "damage to the environment."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The question requires a word in a parallel structure (Concern A and Concern B).

📝 Question 25:

As well as painting some bikes white, they handed out 25... that condemned the use of cars.

🔹 Correct Answer: leaflets
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph A.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage says they "distributed leaflets describing the dangers of cars..." "Handed out" is a synonym for "distributed," and the leaflets contained the message condemning cars.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "dangers" or "message," which are not the *physical item* handed out.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the noun that relates to the verb "distributed" (synonym for "handed out").

📝 Question 26:

However, the scheme was not a great success: almost as quickly as Provo left the bikes around the city, the 26... took them away.

🔹 Correct Answer: police
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph B.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states: "The police were opposed to Provo’s initiatives and almost as soon as the white bikes were distributed... they removed them." The police are the group responsible for taking the bikes.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "authority" or a more general term when "police" is specifically named.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Find the subject of the verb "removed" (synonym for "took them away").

QUESTIONS 27-31 (Passage 3: The Impact of Fun at Work)

📝 Question 27:

Hotel managers need to know what would encourage good staff to remain.

🔹 Correct Answer: E (Enz and Siguaw)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 8.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text states this "requires an understanding of what motivates employees" according to **(Enz and Siguaw, 2000)**. Motivation is the core factor for encouraging staff to remain.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing this with Ng and Sorensen's work, which is about recognition, not the need for *understanding* motivation.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Match the idea of "need to know" (understanding) with the corresponding author reference.

📝 Question 28:

The actions of managers may make staff feel they shouldn't move to a different employer.

🔹 Correct Answer: D (Ng and Sorensen)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: **(Ng and Sorensen, 2008)** demonstrated that when managers provide recognition, motivate teamwork, and remove obstacles, employees "feel more obligated to stay with the company." This sense of obligation is what discourages them from moving.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Selecting the author who discusses turnover (Maroudas) without the explicit link to managerial actions causing staff obligation.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The phrase "feel more obligated to stay" is the key synonym for the statement.

📝 Question 29:

Little is done in the hospitality industry to help workers improve their skills.

🔹 Correct Answer: B (Lucas)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 3.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: **(Lucas, 2002)** is cited in the context of the industry being "dominated by underdeveloped HR practices." This follows the discussion of the importance of "employee development," which is the synonym for improving skills.
⚠️ Potential Traps: This question requires connecting "employee development" (improving skills) with "underdeveloped HR practices" (little is done).
⭐ Key Learning Point: "Underdeveloped HR practices" in a skill context means "little is done to help workers improve their skills."

📝 Question 30:

Staff are less likely to change jobs if cooperation is encouraged.

🔹 Correct Answer: D (Ng and Sorensen)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 5.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Again citing **(Ng and Sorensen, 2008)**, the text says managers should "motivate employees to work together... employees feel more obligated to stay." Working together is a form of cooperation, which leads to lower staff turnover (less likely to change jobs).
⚠️ Potential Traps: This is the second point from the same author, testing attention to multiple details within one citation.
⭐ Key Learning Point: "Motivate employees to work together" is the synonym for "cooperation is encouraged."

📝 Question 31:

Dissatisfaction with pay is not the only reason why hospitality workers change jobs.

🔹 Correct Answer: C (Maroudas et al.)
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: **(Maroudas et al., 2008)** lists "low compensation, inadequate benefits, poor working conditions and compromised employee morale" as reasons for high turnover. Since multiple reasons are given, pay is "not the only reason."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Failing to note the plural nature of the reasons ("Among the many cited reasons are...").
⭐ Key Learning Point: The use of a list of factors (low compensation, benefits, conditions, morale) confirms that one factor is not the "only reason."

QUESTIONS 32-35 (Passage 3: The Impact of Fun at Work)

📝 Question 32:

One reason for high staff turnover in the hospitality industry is poor morale.

🔹 Correct Answer: YES
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 4.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text, citing Maroudas et al., explicitly lists "compromised employee morale and attitudes" as one of the many cited reasons for high turnover. This directly supports the statement.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Overlooking "compromised" as a synonym for "poor."
⭐ Key Learning Point: The term "compromised" in this context means damaged or poor, confirming the link to turnover.

📝 Question 33:

Research has shown that staff have a tendency to dislike their workplace.

🔹 Correct Answer: NO
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 6.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The text, citing Spector et al., directly says "no evidence exists to support this hypothesis." This contradicts the claim that "research has shown" a tendency to dislike the workplace.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Focusing on the hypothesis itself and missing the crucial statement that no evidence supports it.
⭐ Key Learning Point: A statement is **NO** if the text explicitly denies or contradicts the claim, usually with phrases like "no evidence exists."

📝 Question 34:

An improvement in working conditions and job security makes staff satisfied with their jobs.

🔹 Correct Answer: NO
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 9 (Herzberg's two-factor theory).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Citing Herzberg/Maroudas, the text states that fulfilling these needs (working conditions/job security) "does not result in satisfaction, but only in the reduction of dissatisfaction." This contradicts the claim that it "makes staff satisfied."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Confusing the *reduction of dissatisfaction* with the achievement of *satisfaction*.
⭐ Key Learning Point: This is a classic test of Herzberg's theory: a lack of hygiene factors causes dissatisfaction, but their presence *does not* create motivation/satisfaction.

📝 Question 35:

Staff should be allowed to choose when they take breaks during the working day.

🔹 Correct Answer: NOT GIVEN
📍 Location in Passage: Not mentioned (Paragraph 10 mentions the need for breaks, but not *who* decides the timing).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: While the final paragraph discusses the need for breaks, the text does not offer an opinion or fact on the autonomy of employees regarding the **timing** of those breaks ("when they take breaks").
⚠️ Potential Traps: Inferring that since breaks are important, employee choice must also be important.
⭐ Key Learning Point: The statement is **NOT GIVEN** because the specific detail about control over timing is missing.

QUESTIONS 36-40 (Passage 3: The Impact of Fun at Work)

📝 Question 36:

Tews, Michel and Stafford carried out research on staff in an American chain of 36...

🔹 Correct Answer: restaurants
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 11.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The study focused on staff from a chain of themed restaurants in the United States."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Using "hotels" (the general industry focus) or "themed" (an adjective).
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the specific type of business studied to distinguish it from the general topic of the passage.

📝 Question 37:

They discovered that activities designed for staff to have fun improved their 37...,

🔹 Correct Answer: performance
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 11.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The study found that fun activities had a "favorable impact on performance." "Improved" is a synonym for "favorable impact on."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Writing "turnover," which was the impact of *manager support* for fun, not the fun activities themselves.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Distinguish carefully between the effects of different factors (fun activities vs. manager support).

📝 Question 38:

... and that management involvement led to lower staff 38...

🔹 Correct Answer: turnover
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 11.
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The second finding was that "manager support for fun had a favorable impact in reducing turnover." "Lower staff" is the clue for the effect on **turnover**.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Writing "performance," which was the impact of the activities themselves.
⭐ Key Learning Point: "Reducing turnover" means achieving "lower staff turnover."

📝 Question 39:

They also found that the activities needed to fit with both the company's 39...

🔹 Correct Answer: goals
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 11 (Final sentence).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The finding supported the view that fun must be "carefully aligned with both organizational goals and employee characteristics." "Company's" is a synonym for "organizational."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Writing "organizational," which is an adjective, not the noun in the paired list.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for the noun that pairs with "characteristics" in the final sentence of the paragraph.

📝 Question 40:

...and the 40... of the staff.

🔹 Correct Answer: characteristics
📍 Location in Passage: Paragraph 11 (Final sentence).
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The final sentence completes the list: "carefully aligned with both organizational goals and employee characteristics."
⚠️ Potential Traps: Writing "employee," which is also already in the question ("of the staff").
⭐ Key Learning Point: This is the reciprocal part of the parallel structure from the previous question (goals and **characteristics**).