تحلیل ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک کمبریج 18 - تست 4: بررسی سوالات، نکات کلیدی و استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی

مقدمه

بخش ریدینگ آیلتس آکادمیک یکی از مهارت‌های حیاتی در آزمون آیلتس است که نیازمند درک سریع و دقیق متون علمی، مدیریت زمان و تسلط بر انواع سوالات می‌باشد. در این مقاله، تحلیل تست 4 ریدینگ از کتاب آیلتس کمبریج 18 (Cambridge IELTS 18) را ارائه می‌دهیم. هدف ما بررسی ساختار متن‌ها، استراتژی‌های پاسخ‌دهی و نکات کلیدی برای کمک به داوطلبان در کسب نمره بهتر در این بخش است.

این تست شامل سه متن آکادمیک است که به ترتیب سطح دشواری آن‌ها افزایش می‌یابد. داوطلبان باید با انواع سوالات مانند True/False/Not Given، Matching Headings، Multiple Choice و Summary Completion آشنا باشند و استراتژی‌های مناسبی برای هر نوع سوال اتخاذ کنند.

در این مقاله، به بررسی نکات کلیدی متن‌ها، تحلیل دقیق سوالات، شناسایی اشتباهات رایج و ارائه روش‌های بهینه برای بهبود سرعت و دقت در پاسخ‌دهی خواهیم پرداخت. با مطالعه این راهنما، می‌توانید نقاط ضعف خود را تقویت کرده و عملکرد بهتری در بخش ریدینگ آیلتس داشته باشید.

برای دیدن بقیه‌ی تحلیل‌ها به لینک زیر بروید:

Questions 1-5

📝 Question 1:
 mention of several challenges to be overcome before a green roof can be installed 

🔹 Correct Answer: D
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph D
🔹 Text of the Answer: "For green roofs to become the norm for new developments, there needs to be support from public authorities and private investors. Those responsible for maintaining buildings may have to acquire new skills, such as landscaping, and in some cases, volunteers may be needed to help out. Other considerations include installing drainage paths, meeting health and safety requirements and perhaps allowing access for the public, as well as planning restrictions and disruption from regular activities in and around the buildings during installation."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage lists several logistical and practical challenges that must be addressed before green roofs can be widely implemented.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Be careful not to confuse challenges of maintaining green roofs with challenges before installation—this question focuses on pre-installation hurdles.
⭐ Key Learning Point: Look for phrases that list obstacles or requirements when identifying challenges in IELTS reading.

📝 Question 2:
 reference to a city where green roofs have been promoted for many years  

🔹 Correct Answer: C
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph C
🔹 Text of the Answer: "In North America, green roofs have become mainstream, with a wide array of expansive, accessible and food-producing roofs installed in buildings. Again, city leaders and authorities have helped push the movement forward – only recently, San Francisco, USA, created a policy requiring new buildings to have green roofs. Toronto, Canada, has policies dating from the 1990s, encouraging the development of urban farms on rooftops."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage states that Toronto has been promoting green roofs since the 1990s, making it a city with a long history of support for green roofs.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Avoid choosing San Francisco—while it has a policy, it was implemented recently, whereas Toronto has a longer history.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When looking for historical context, focus on specific time references like since the 1990s.

📝 Question 3:
 a belief that existing green roofs should be used as a model for new ones  

🔹 Correct Answer: E
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph E
🔹 Text of the Answer: "If the trend continues, it could create new jobs and a more vibrant and sustainable local food economy – alongside many other benefits. There are still barriers to overcome, but the evidence so far indicates that green roofs have the potential to transform cities and help them function sustainably long into the future. The success stories need to be studied and replicated elsewhere, to make green, blue, brown and food-producing roofs the norm in cities around the world."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage suggests that existing successful green roofs should be analyzed and used as models for new projects.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Some sections discuss the benefits of green roofs, but this paragraph specifically emphasizes studying and replicating existing ones.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When a question asks about using past examples, look for words like study, replicate, or learn from success stories.

📝 Question 4:
 examples of how green roofs can work in combination with other green urban initiatives 

🔹 Correct Answer: B
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph B
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Ongoing research is showcasing how green roofs in cities can integrate with ‘living walls’: environmentally friendly walls which are partially or completely covered with greenery, including a growing medium, such as soil or water. Research also indicates that green roofs can be integrated with drainage systems on the ground, such as street trees, so that the water is managed better and the built environment is made more sustainable."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage highlights how green roofs can complement other environmental features, like living walls and urban drainage systems.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Avoid paragraphs that only discuss green roofs alone—this question specifically asks about integration with other features.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When answering questions about connections between concepts, look for words like integrate, complement, or work together.

📝 Question 5:
  the need to make a persuasive argument for the financial benefits of green roofs  

🔹 Correct Answer: D
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph D
🔹 Text of the Answer: "For green roofs to become the norm for new developments, there needs to be support from public authorities and private investors. [...] To convince investors and developers that installing green roofs is worthwhile, economic arguments are still the most important. The term ‘natural capital’ has been developed to explain the economic value of nature; for example, measuring the money saved by installing natural solutions to protect against flood damage, adapt to climate change or help people lead healthier and happier lives."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage highlights that financial benefits must be demonstrated to attract investors and developers to support green roofs.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Avoid focusing on general benefits of green roofs—this question is specifically about the financial case for them.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When a passage mentions investment, cost savings, or economic value, it often relates to financial incentives for sustainability projects.

Questions 6-9

 📝 Question 6:
 

🔹 Correct Answer: energy
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph A
🔹 Text of the Answer: "saving on energy costs"
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage states that green roofs help save energy, which aligns with the summary statement's mention of additional benefits.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Avoid selecting other environmental benefits like air purification—the summary focuses on cost savings and sustainability.
⭐ Key Learning Point: In summary completion questions, pay attention to list-based information—answers often come directly from key points in the passage.

📝 Question 7:
 

🔹 Correct Answer: food
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph A
🔹 Text of the Answer: "even growing food."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage explicitly mentions food production as one of the benefits of green roofs.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Avoid choosing words like plants or vegetation—the passage specifically states food.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When a question asks what something produces, look for verbs like 'grow' or 'produce' in the passage.

📝 Question 8:
 

🔹 Correct Answer: gardening
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph B
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Doctors are increasingly prescribing time spent gardening outdoors for patients dealing with anxiety and depression."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage directly links gardening to mental health benefits, making it the correct answer.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Be cautious of choosing exercise—the passage specifically mentions gardening as the recommended activity.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When a passage discusses health benefits, look for specific activities or interventions mentioned by experts.

📝 Question 9:
 

🔹 Correct Answer: obesity
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph B
🔹 Text of the Answer: "And research has found that access to even the most basic green spaces can provide a better quality of life for dementia sufferers and help people avoid obesity."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage clearly states that green spaces help prevent obesity, making it the correct answer.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Avoid selecting dementia—while mentioned, the passage focuses on obesity prevention in this context.
⭐ Key Learning Point: In gap-fill exercises, make sure the answer fits grammatically and aligns precisely with the passage's wording.

Questions 10 and 11

📝 Question 10 and 11:

 Which TWO aims of new variations on the concept of green roofs are mentioned in Paragraph E of the passage?

🔹 Correct Answer 1: C
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph C
🔹 Text of the Answer: "These countries also benefit from having newer buildings than in many parts of the world, which makes it easier to install green roofs. Being able to keep enough water at roof height and distribute it right across the rooftop is crucial to maintaining the plants on any green roof – especially on ‘edible roofs’ where fruit and vegetables are farmed. And it’s much easier to do this in newer buildings, which can typically hold greater weight, than to retro-fit old ones."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Newer buildings have greater water-storage capacity, which is essential for maintaining green roofs, particularly those used for growing food.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Avoid choosing an option that only mentions structural strength—this question focuses on water distribution for plants.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When a passage discusses infrastructure benefits, look for phrases related to ease of implementation or efficiency.

🔹 Correct Answer 2 : D
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph C
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Having a stronger roof also makes it easier to grow a greater variety of plants, since the soil can be deeper."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The stronger roofs of newer buildings allow for deeper soil, which enables a wider variety of plants to grow.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Don’t assume the benefit is only general plant growth—the key point here is the ability to support deeper soil for diverse plant types.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When answering benefit-based questions, focus on cause-and-effect relationships (e.g., stronger roofs → deeper soil → more plant types).

Questions 12 and 13

📝 Question 12 and 13

Which TWO aims of new variations on the concept of green roofs are mentioned in Paragraph E of the passage?

🔹 Correct Answer 1: A
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph E
🔹 Text of the Answer: "There are also combinations of green roofs with solar panels, and ‘brown roofs’ which are wilder in nature and maximise biodiversity."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The goal of 'brown roofs' is to maximize biodiversity, providing habitats for a wide range of species.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Avoid confusing different types of green roofs—each variation has a specific purpose.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When answering purpose-related questions, focus on action words like maximize, improve, increase, or enhance.

🔹 Correct Answer2: D
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph E
🔹 Text of the Answer: "For example, ‘blue roofs’ enable buildings to hold water over longer periods of time, rather than draining it away quickly – crucial in times of heavier rainfall."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: ‘Blue roofs’ are designed to store water, helping to manage heavy rainfall and reduce flood risks.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Be careful not to select solar panels here—this question focuses on water management, not energy production.
⭐ Key Learning Point: In IELTS reading, different categories or subtypes often have distinct functions—ensure you match the correct goal to the right variation.

Questions 14-16

📝 Question 14:

What can we learn from the first paragraph?

🔹 Correct Answer: B
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 1
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Over the past century, a powerful idea has taken root in the educational landscape. The concept of intelligence as something innate has been supplanted by the idea that intelligence is not fixed, and that, with the right training, we can be the authors of our own cognitive capabilities."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: This paragraph describes a shift in thinking about intelligence—moving from the belief that intelligence is fixed to the idea that it can be developed.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Avoid options that suggest intelligence was always believed to be changeable—the passage states that this is a relatively new idea.
⭐ Key Learning Point: In IELTS reading, when a question asks about a shift in thinking, look for words like "supplanted," "replaced," or "changed over time."

📝 Question 15:

The second paragraph describes how schools encourage students to

🔹 Correct Answer: C
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 2
🔹 Text of the Answer: "‘Growth mindset theory’ is a relatively new – and extremely popular – version of this idea. In many schools today you will see hallways covered in motivational posters and hear speeches on the mindset of great sporting heroes who simply believed their way to the top. A major focus of the growth mindset in schools is coaxing students away from seeing failure as an indication of their ability, and towards seeing it as a chance to improve that ability."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Schools promote growth mindset by encouraging students to see failure as an opportunity to improve, rather than a sign of their limitations.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Be careful not to choose an option that only focuses on motivational techniques—the key idea is about changing how students perceive failure.
⭐ Key Learning Point: In IELTS, when a passage discusses educational encouragement, look for words like coaxing, motivating, or shifting perceptions.

📝 Question 16:
 In the third paragraph, the writer suggests that students with a fixed mindset

🔹 Correct Answer: D
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 3
🔹 Text of the Answer: "The second group – those who had been instilled with a ‘growth mindset’ – were subsequently far more likely to put effort into future tasks. Meanwhile, the former took on only those tasks that would not risk their sense of worth. This group had inferred that success or failure is due to innate ability, and this ‘fixed mindset’ had led them to fear of failure and lack of effort."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Students with a fixed mindset avoid challenges because they fear failure, believing that their abilities cannot change.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Don’t mistake fear of failure for lack of ambition—the passage highlights avoidance of risk, not lack of goals.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When reading about psychological concepts, focus on how beliefs influence behavior, as this is a common IELTS reading theme.

Questions 17-22

📝 Question 17:
 The methodology behind the growth mindset studies was not strict enough.  

🔹 Correct Answer: C (Andrew Gelman)
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 5
🔹 Text of the Answer: "The statistician Andrew Gelman claims that ‘their research designs have enough degrees of freedom that they could take their data to support just about any theory at all’."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Gelman criticized the research design of growth mindset studies, arguing that the methodology allowed researchers to manipulate data to fit different conclusions.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Be cautious of general criticisms of the growth mindset—this statement is specifically about flaws in research methods.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When answering methodology-related questions, look for words like research design, data manipulation, or lack of rigor.

📝 Question 18:
 The idea of the growth mindset has been incorrectly interpreted.  

🔹 Correct Answer: B (Carol Dweck)
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 6
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Much of this criticism is not lost on Dweck, and she deserves great credit for responding to it and adapting her work accordingly. In fact, she argues that her work has been misunderstood and misapplied in a range of ways."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Dweck acknowledges that her work has been widely misunderstood and misapplied, confirming the claim that the growth mindset has been incorrectly interpreted.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Avoid assuming any general criticism applies—Dweck’s statement is about misinterpretation, not whether the theory works.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When a question asks about misinterpretation, look for phrases like misunderstood, misapplied, or misused.

📝 Question 19:
  Intellectual ability is an unchangeable feature of each individual.

🔹 Correct Answer: A (Alfred Binet)
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 1
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Psychologist Alfred Binet, the developer of the first intelligence tests, was one of many 19th-century scientists who held that earlier view and sought to quantify cognitive ability."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Binet, like other 19th-century scientists, believed that intellectual ability was fixed and could be measured through testing.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Don’t assume all intelligence researchers shared this view—Binet’s work was later challenged by progressive thinkers.
⭐ Key Learning Point: In historical context questions, look for past beliefs that were later overturned.

📝 Question 20:

The growth mindset should be promoted without students being aware of it.

🔹 Correct Answer: E (David Yeager and Gregory Walton)
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 7
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Growth mindset supporters David Yeager and Gregory Walton claim that interventions should be delivered in a subtle way to maximise their effectiveness. They say that if adolescents perceive a teacher’s intervention as conveying that they are in need of help, this could undo its intended effects."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Yeager and Walton advocate for subtle implementation, arguing that if students feel singled out, the intervention could backfire.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Avoid selecting general supporters of growth mindset—this statement is specifically about subtlety in application.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When a question refers to how something should be applied, look for phrases like delivered subtly or implemented carefully.

📝 Question 21:

The growth mindset is not simply about boosting students’ morale. 

🔹 Correct Answer: B (Carol Dweck)
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 6
🔹 Text of the Answer: "She has also expressed concerns that her theories are being misappropriated in schools by being conflated with the self-esteem movement: ‘For me the growth mindset is a tool for learning and improvement. It’s not just a vehicle for making children feel good.’"
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Dweck clarifies that the growth mindset is not about self-esteem or making students feel good—its primary purpose is learning and improvement.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Be cautious of general discussions of growth mindset benefits—this question is specifically about distinguishing it from self-esteem movements.
⭐ Key Learning Point: In IELTS reading, when a question asks about what something is NOT about, look for phrases like it’s not just, it’s more than, or it’s not simply.

📝 Question 22:
Who conducted research showing that the growth mindset has no effect on academic achievement?

🔹 Correct Answer: D (Timothy Bates)
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 5
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Professor of Psychology Timothy Bates, who has been trying to replicate Dweck’s work, is finding that the results are repeatedly null. He notes that: ‘People with a growth mindset don’t cope any better with failure … Kids with the growth mindset aren’t getting better grades, either before or after our intervention study.’"
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: Bates’s replication studies found no measurable improvement in grades, challenging the effectiveness of the growth mindset.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Don’t confuse general criticism of growth mindset theory with actual research findings—this question is about experimental evidence.
⭐ Key Learning Point: In IELTS, when a question asks about scientific findings, look for phrases like study results, evidence, or research findings.

Questions 23-26

📝 Question 23:
  Dweck has handled criticisms of her work in an admirable way.

🔹 Correct Answer: A (YES)
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 6
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Much of this criticism is not lost on Dweck, and she deserves great credit for responding to it and adapting her work accordingly. In fact, she argues that her work has been misunderstood and misapplied in a range of ways. She has also expressed concerns that her theories are being misappropriated in schools by being conflated with the self-esteem movement: ‘For me the growth mindset is a tool for learning and improvement. It’s not just a vehicle for making children feel good.’"
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage highlights that Dweck has responded to criticism constructively, adapting her work and addressing misunderstandings, which implies an admirable approach.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Avoid assuming all criticisms were justified—the passage focuses on how she handled them, not their validity.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When a question asks whether someone handled criticism well, look for words like adapting, responding, addressing concerns.

📝 Question 24:
 Students’ self-perception is a more effective driver of self-confidence than actual achievement is.

🔹 Correct Answer: B (NO)
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 7
🔹 Text of the Answer: "There is a strong correlation between self-perception and achievement, but there is evidence to suggest that the actual effect of achievement on self-perception is stronger than the other way round."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage contradicts the claim by stating that achievement has a stronger effect on self-perception than vice versa.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Be careful not to misinterpret correlation as causation—the passage clarifies which factor is more influential.
⭐ Key Learning Point: In IELTS, when answering cause-effect questions, focus on whether the passage confirms or denies the direction of influence.

📝 Question 25:
 Recent evidence about growth mindset interventions has attracted unfair coverage in the media.

🔹 Correct Answer: C (NOT GIVEN)
📍 Location of the Answer: Not found in the passage
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage discusses research on growth mindset interventions, but does not mention media coverage or fairness.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Avoid assuming that criticism of research means negative media coverage—the passage does not address this topic.
⭐ Key Learning Point: If a topic is not explicitly mentioned in the passage, the correct answer is NOT GIVEN, even if it's related to the discussion.

📝 Question 26:
 Deliberate attempts to encourage students to strive for high achievement may have a negative effect.

🔹 Correct Answer: A (YES)
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraphs 6 & 7
🔹 Text of the Answer:

• "Yeager and Walton claim that interventions should be delivered in a subtle way to maximise their effectiveness. They say that if adolescents perceive a teacher’s intervention as conveying that they are in need of help, this could undo its intended effects."
• "Paradoxically, however, that aspiration is not well served by direct interventions that try to instil it."
  🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage suggests that direct interventions aimed at encouraging achievement can backfire, supporting the idea that overt encouragement may have unintended negative consequences.
  ⚠️ Potential Traps: Avoid assuming all interventions are bad—the passage argues that subtle approaches work better.
  ⭐ Key Learning Point: When answering questions about effectiveness, look for words like paradoxically, unintended effects, or backfire to identify negative consequences.

Questions 27-30

📝 Question 27:
 Wegener’s ideas about continental drift were widely disputed while he was alive.

🔹 Correct Answer: A (YES)
📍 Location of the Answer: Introductory paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Wegener proposed this theory in 1912 and developed it extensively for nearly 20 years. His book on the subject, The Origin of Continents and Oceans, went through four editions and was the focus of an international controversy in his lifetime and for some years after his death."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage explicitly states that Wegener’s theory was the focus of international controversy, confirming that it was widely disputed during his lifetime.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Don’t assume all scientific theories face equal controversy—this passage directly confirms Wegener’s struggles for acceptance.
⭐ Key Learning Point: In IELTS reading, when a question asks about widespread disagreement, look for phrases like controversy, debated, or disputed.

📝 Question 28:
 The idea that the continents remained fixed in place was defended in a number of respected scientific publications.

🔹 Correct Answer: C (NOT GIVEN)
📍 Location of the Answer: Not found in the passage
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: While the passage mentions opposition to Wegener’s theory, it does not specify whether the idea of fixed continents was defended in scientific publications.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Avoid assuming that opposition to Wegener means scientific journals published counterarguments—the passage does not mention this.
⭐ Key Learning Point: If a topic is not explicitly mentioned, the correct answer is NOT GIVEN, even if related ideas appear in the passage.

📝 Question 29:

Wegener relied on a limited range of scientific fields to support his theory of continental drift.

🔹 Correct Answer: B (NO)
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 2
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Wegener showed in great detail how such continental movements were plausible and how they worked, using evidence from a large number of sciences including geology, geophysics, paleontology, and climatology."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage clearly states that Wegener used multiple scientific disciplines to support his theory, directly contradicting the claim that he relied on a limited range.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Avoid assuming that because Wegener faced opposition, his evidence was weak or limited—the passage confirms he used a broad scientific foundation.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When answering questions about the scope of research, look for phrases like a large number of sciences, multiple disciplines, or broad range of evidence.

📝 Question 30:
 The similarities between Wegener’s theory of continental drift and modern-day plate tectonics are enormous.

🔹 Correct Answer: B (NO)
📍 Location of the Answer: Paragraph 2
🔹 Text of the Answer: "Plate tectonics is in many respects quite different from Wegener’s proposal, in the same way that modern evolutionary theory is very different from the ideas Charles Darwin proposed in the 1850s about biological evolution."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage explicitly states that modern plate tectonics is quite different from Wegener’s original proposal, contradicting the idea of enormous similarities.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Be cautious of assuming that because Wegener's theory influenced modern tectonics, they are nearly identical—the passage states otherwise.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When comparing past and present theories, look for phrases indicating degree of similarity or difference (e.g., quite different, evolved beyond, or significantly modified).

Questions 31-36

📝 Question 31:
 

🔹 Correct Answer: I (biographer’s perspective)
📍 Location of the Answer: Third paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer: "When I started writing about Wegener’s life and work, one of the most intriguing things about him for me was that, although he came up with a theory on continental drift, he was not a geologist."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The phrase "for me" and the personal reflection on Wegener’s background suggest that the author is writing as a biographer.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Be cautious of choosing scientific perspectives—this section is about Wegener’s life, not just his theory.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When identifying perspectives, look for personal language (e.g., for me, I found, I was intrigued by).

📝 Question 32:
 

🔹 Correct Answer: F (professional interests)
📍 Location of the Answer: Third paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer: "He trained as an astronomer and pursued a career in atmospheric physics.... His professional interests were limited to atmospheric physics."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage explicitly states that Wegener’s work was focused on atmospheric physics, making this the correct answer.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Avoid assuming he had equal expertise in geology—the passage clarifies that he was not a geologist.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When a question asks about professional focus, look for phrases like pursued a career in, specialized in, or focused on.

📝 Question 33:
 

🔹 Correct Answer: A (modest fame)
📍 Location of the Answer: Third paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer: "However, he was not an ‘unknown’... He had also made a name for himself amongst a small circle of meteorologists and atmospheric physicists in Germany."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: While Wegener was not world-famous, he had gained recognition within a niche scientific community, indicating modest fame.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Don’t overestimate his early reputation—he was known within a specific group, not globally.
⭐ Key Learning Point: In IELTS, fame-related questions often focus on whether someone was widely or selectively recognized.

📝 Question 34:
 

🔹 Correct Answer: C (record-breaking achievement)
📍 Location of the Answer: Third paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer: "In 1906 he had set a world record (with his brother Kurt) for time aloft in a hot-air balloon: 52 hours."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The phrase "set a world record" directly confirms this as a record-breaking achievement.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Be careful not to confuse this with scientific discoveries—this achievement was in a different field.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When identifying achievements, look for quantifiable records or milestones.

📝 Question 35:
 

🔹 Correct Answer: H (hazardous exploration)
📍 Location of the Answer: Third paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer: "...followed by his well-publicised and extremely dangerous expedition to the coast of northeast Greenland."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The phrase "extremely dangerous expedition" clearly indicates hazardous exploration.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Don’t assume all his work was theoretical—this passage highlights physical risks and exploration.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When answering adventure or risk-related questions, look for words like dangerous, extreme, or treacherous conditions.

📝 Question 36:
 

🔹 Correct Answer: E (select group)
📍 Location of the Answer: Third paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer: "He had also made a name for himself amongst a small circle of meteorologists and atmospheric physicists in Germany."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The phrase "small circle" indicates that only a select group of scientists were familiar with his work.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Be careful not to select widespread recognition—the passage specifies a small, specialized group.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When identifying exclusive recognition, look for phrases like small group, niche community, or limited circle.

Questions 37-40

📝 Question 37:
 What is Mott T Greene doing in the fifth paragraph?

🔹 Correct Answer: B (explaining why it is desirable to read the whole book)
📍 Location of the Answer: Fifth paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer: "My own feeling, however, is that the parts do not make as much sense on their own as do all of his activities taken together."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The author argues that a complete understanding of Wegener requires seeing his life as a whole, rather than focusing on isolated parts.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Avoid choosing an option that suggests a specific order of reading—the passage emphasizes understanding his full life, not just chronological reading.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When an author urges readers to see the full picture, look for words like taken together, interconnected, or whole experience.

📝 Question 38:
 What is said about Wegener in the sixth paragraph?

🔹 Correct Answer: A (He was not a particularly ambitious person)
📍 Location of the Answer: Sixth paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer: "He was not active (with a few exceptions) in scientific societies, and did not seek to find influence or advance his ideas through professional contacts and politics, spending most of his time at home in his study reading and writing, or in the field collecting observations."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The passage describes Wegener as dedicated to research but uninterested in promoting himself or his work, indicating a lack of ambition in terms of gaining influence.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Be careful not to confuse scientific dedication with professional ambition—Wegener was passionate about his work but did not seek personal recognition.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When analyzing a person’s ambition, look for evidence about networking, self-promotion, or influence-seeking behavior.

📝 Question 39:
 What does Greene say about some other famous scientists?

🔹 Correct Answer: D (They are easier subjects to write about than Wegener)
📍 Location of the Answer: Seventh paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer: "The more such material a scientist leaves behind, the better chance a biographer has of forming an accurate picture of how a scientist’s ideas took shape and evolved."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The author explains that Newton, Darwin, and Einstein left behind extensive documentation, making them easier subjects for biographers compared to Wegener, whose records were limited.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Avoid assuming this is a judgment on the scientists themselves—the passage is about biographical challenges, not scientific contributions.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When discussing biographical difficulty, look for mentions of available documentation, sources, or historical records.

📝 Question 40:
 What is Greene’s main point in the final paragraph?

🔹 Correct Answer: C (People have little control over many aspects of their lives)
📍 Location of the Answer: Final paragraph
🔹 Text of the Answer: "I am firmly of the opinion that most of us, Wegener included, are not in any real sense the authors of our own lives. We plan, think, and act, often with apparent freedom, but most of the time our lives ‘happen to us’."
🔹 Analysis of the Answer: The author argues that external events and circumstances shape people’s lives more than personal decisions, emphasizing limited individual control.
⚠️ Potential Traps: Avoid choosing an answer that suggests complete lack of agency—the passage acknowledges some level of planning and action.
⭐ Key Learning Point: When discussing fate vs. control, look for phrases like happen to us, unforeseen events, or external influence.